ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2016
Non-fatal overdose as a risk factor for subsequent fatal overdose among people who inject drugs.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 142 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
142 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of childhood maltreatment among people with opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence and Correlates of Providing and Receiving Assistance With the Transition to Injection Drug Use.Epidemiologic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Global patterns of opioid use and dependence: harms to populations, interventions, and future action.Lancet (London, England) · 2019Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Drug Overdose in Young People: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- The Association of Perceived Risk for Opioid Overdose and Subsequent Overdose Among a Cohort of Opioid Overdose Survivors Who Use Nonprescribed Opioids.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Trial
- Opioid agonist treatment outcomes among individuals with a history of nonfatal overdose: Findings from a pragmatic, pan-Canadian, randomized control trial.The American journal on addictions · 2025Trial
- Nonfatal Overdoses Among Pregnant Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Trial
- Baseline characteristics of people experiencing homelessness with a recent drug overdose in the PHOENIx pilot randomised controlled trial.Harm reduction journal · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Trends in overdose experiences and prevention behaviors among people who use opioids in Baltimore, MD, 2017-2019.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Trial
- Developing Longitudinal Post-Overdose Care: A Call to Action.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2026Article
- "You've involved us knowing that we don't think about the law like you": a qualitative study on Supersavers' perspective of overdose engagement in Skåne county, South Sweden.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Projected Outcomes of Reducing Federal Funding for Syringe Service Programs via Executive Order.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The changing contribution of fentanyl use to non-fatal overdose among a cohort of people who inject drugs in San Diego, California: A longitudinal assessment.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Early Adverse Experiences and the Likelihood of Substance Use Disorders and Non-Fatal Overdose in Clinical and Community Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Non-fatal drug overdose surveillance using hospital discharge data: a comparison between the Drug Overdose Surveillance and Epidemiology (DOSE) system and the Healthcare Cost and Utilisation Project, 18 states, 2018-2020.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Article
- Morbidity, mortality, and health outcomes following emergency department visits for fentanyl-related overdoses: A retrospective cohort study.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Antecedents of Fentanyl Coinvolvement in Deaths Attributed to Stimulant Poisoning in San Francisco, CA.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- Timely Receipt of New Medication Treatment After Acute Care Encounters for Opioid Overdose in the U.S. Medicaid Population.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
82 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo examine the relationship between non-fatal overdose and risk of subsequent fatal overdose.
methodsWe assessed risk factors for overdose death among two prospective cohorts of persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Vancouver, Canada. Extended Cox regression was used to examine if reports of non-fatal overdose were associated with the time to fatal overdose while adjusting for other behavioral, social and structural confounders.
resultsBetween May, 1996 and December, 2011, 2317 individuals were followed for a median of 60.8 months. In total, 134 fatal overdose deaths were identified for an incidence density of 8.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.55-10.59) deaths per 1000 person-years. During the study period there were 1795 reports of non-fatal overdose. In a multivariate model, recent non-fatal overdose was independently associated with the time to overdose mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]=1.95; 95% CI: 1.17-3.27). As well, there was a dose response effect of increasing cumulative reports of non-fatal overdose on subsequent fatal overdose.
conclusionReports of recent non-fatal overdose were independently associated with subsequent overdose mortality in a dose-response relationship. These findings suggest that individuals reporting recent non-fatal overdose should be engaged with intensive overdose prevention interventions.
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