SynthesisAddiction (Abingdon, England)2016
Re-starting smoking in the postpartum period after receiving a smoking cessation intervention: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05711225 (The Effect of Smoking Cessation Intervention in Pregnancy According to the Web-Based Transtheoretic Model on Postpartum Smoking Relapse), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Smoking Cessation Intervention in Pregnancy According to the Web-Based Transtheoretic Model on Postpartum Smoking Relapse
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Financial incentives for smoking cessation among (expectant) parents: a systematic review of facilitators and barriers to implementation.Tobacco control · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of interventions to increase the use of smoking cessation services for women who smoke during pregnancy.The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Behaviour Change Techniques within Interventions to Reduce Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure for Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Association between active tobacco use during pregnancy and infant respiratory health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2020Pooled it
- A systematic review of behaviour change techniques within interventions to prevent return to smoking postpartum.Addictive behaviors · 2019Pooled it
- Re-starting smoking in the postpartum period after receiving a smoking cessation intervention: a systematic review.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2016Pooled it
- Financial incentives for maintaining postpartum smoking abstinence: 3-4-year follow-up of the Financial Incentives for Prevention of Postpartum Return to Smoking (FIPPS) randomised controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Trial
- Predictors of Quit Attempts and Successful Smoking Abstinence in Pregnancy: An Exploratory Analysis of a Pooled Clinical Trial Dataset.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Helping pregnant smokers quit: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial of electronic cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2023Trial
- Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- A dynamic, modifiable model for estimating cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy: application to an RCT of self-help delivered by text message.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Trial
- Large multi-centre pilot randomized controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Trial
- Protocol for study of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy (FISCP): randomised, multicentre study.BMJ open · 2016Trial
- Australian Women's Perspectives on Preventing Postpartum Relapse or Quitting Smoking or Vaping in the Postpartum Year.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Lifetime psychiatric morbidity and maternal smoking behavior in consecutive pregnancies: A Finnish register study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Observational
- The use of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnant women: A parallel-group randomised controlled trial protocol.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Development of an intervention for smoking cessation in pregnant women using a theory-based approach.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Sex differences in dorsal striatal volume and interest in quitting smoking.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Perinatal Smoking Patterns From Preconception to 1-Year Post Partum.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Motivational Interviewing to Promote Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors: Evidence, Implementation, and Digital Applications.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsIn pregnant smoking cessation trial participants, to estimate (1) among women abstinent at the end of pregnancy, the proportion who re-start smoking at time-points afterwards (primary analysis) and (2) among all trial participants, the proportion smoking at the end of pregnancy and at selected time-points during the postpartum period (secondary analysis).
methodsTrials identified from two Cochrane reviews plus searches of Medline and EMBASE. Twenty-seven trials were included. The included trials were randomized or quasi-randomized trials of within-pregnancy cessation interventions given to smokers who reported abstinence both at end of pregnancy and at one or more defined time-points after birth. Outcomes were validated biochemically and self-reported continuous abstinence from smoking and 7-day point prevalence abstinence. The primary random-effects meta-analysis used longitudinal data to estimate mean pooled proportions of re-starting smoking; a secondary analysis used cross-sectional data to estimate the mean proportions smoking at different postpartum time-points. Subgroup analyses were performed on biochemically validated abstinence.
resultsThe pooled mean proportion re-starting at 6 months postpartum was 43% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 16-72%, I(2) = 96.7%] (11 trials, 571 abstinent women). The pooled mean proportion smoking at the end of pregnancy was 87% (95% CI = 84-90%, I(2) = 93.2%) and 94% (95% CI = 92-96%, I(2) = 88%) at 6 months postpartum (23 trials, 9262 trial participants). Findings were similar when using biochemically validated abstinence.
conclusionsIn clinical trials of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy only 13% are abstinent at term. Of these, 43% re-start by 6 months postpartum.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.