ArticleThe international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity2016
Modified ground-truthing: an accurate and cost-effective food environment validation method for town and rural areas.
Article in The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- School Breakfast Program Participation and Rural Adolescents' Purchasing Behaviors in Food Stores and Restaurants.The Journal of school health · 2017Trial
- Association Between Various Metrics of the Rural Food Environment and Diabetes and Obesity.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic, demographic and geographic disparities in accessibility to food pantries in the united States.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Is the neighbourhood environment associated with indicators of health in children and adolescents? Developing and testing a new proof-of-concept Healthy Environments Index for Children in Taranaki, New Zealand.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- What is in a food store name? Leveraging large language models to enhance food environment data.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2024Article
- The Retail Food Environment Index and its association with dietary patterns, body mass index, and socioeconomic position: A multilevel assessment in Mexico.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Assessing the built environment, programs, and policies that support physical activity opportunities in the rural Deep South.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- INTEGRATING MULTIPLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT DATA SOURCES.The annals of applied statistics · 2023Article
- Urban-rural disparities in childhood obesogenic environments in the United States: Application of differing rural definitions.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Association of the retail food environment, BMI, dietary patterns, and socioeconomic position in urban areas of Mexico.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Validation of retail food outlet data from a Danish government inspection database.Nutrition journal · 2022Article
- Assessing changes in the food retail environment during the COVID-19 pandemic: opportunities, challenges, and lessons learned.BMC public health · 2022Article
- The retail food environment and its association with body mass index in Mexico.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2021Article
- Identifying Urban Immigrant Food-Cultivation Practices for Culturally-Tailored Garden-Based Nutrition Programs.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2020Observational
- Validation of a province-wide commercial food store dataset in a heterogeneous predominantly rural food environment.Public health nutrition · 2020Article
- Store patterns of availability and price of food and beverage products across a rural region of Newfoundland and Labrador.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2020Article
- Assessing the Retail Food Environment in Madrid: An Evaluation of Administrative Data against Ground Truthing.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Healthy Diets in Rural Victoria-Cheaper than Unhealthy Alternatives, Yet Unaffordable.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Do 'environmental bads' such as alcohol, fast food, tobacco, and gambling outlets cluster and co-locate in more deprived areas in Glasgow City, Scotland?Health & place · 2018Article
- Examining the validity and utility of two secondary sources of food environment data against street audits in England.Nutrition journal · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA major concern in food environment research is the lack of accuracy in commercial business listings of food stores, which are convenient and commonly used. Accuracy concerns may be particularly pronounced in rural areas. Ground-truthing or on-site verification has been deemed the necessary standard to validate business listings, but researchers perceive this process to be costly and time-consuming. This study calculated the accuracy and cost of ground-truthing three town/rural areas in Minnesota, USA (an area of 564 miles, or 908 km), and simulated a modified validation process to increase efficiency without comprising accuracy. For traditional ground-truthing, all streets in the study area were driven, while the route and geographic coordinates of food stores were recorded.
resultsThe process required 1510 miles (2430 km) of driving and 114 staff hours. The ground-truthed list of stores was compared with commercial business listings, which had an average positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.57 and sensitivity of 0.62 across the three sites. Using observations from the field, a modified process was proposed in which only the streets located within central commercial clusters (the 1/8 mile or 200 m buffer around any cluster of 2 stores) would be validated. Modified ground-truthing would have yielded an estimated PPV of 1.00 and sensitivity of 0.95, and would have resulted in a reduction in approximately 88 % of the mileage costs.
conclusionsWe conclude that ground-truthing is necessary in town/rural settings. The modified ground-truthing process, with excellent accuracy at a fraction of the costs, suggests a new standard and warrants further evaluation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.