ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2016
Convective Mixing in Distal Pipes Exacerbates Legionella pneumophila Growth in Hot Water Plumbing.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ten questions concerning water quality in building hot water systems.Building and environment · 2025Article
- Influence of pipe materials on in-building disinfection ofWater research X · 2023Article
- ControllingMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Potential probiotic approaches to control Legionella in engineered aquatic ecosystems.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2022Review
- Management of Microbiological Contamination of the Water Network of a Newly Built Hospital Pavilion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Chlorine Disinfection ofMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Interactive Effects of Copper Pipe, Stagnation, Corrosion Control, and Disinfectant Residual Influenced Reduction ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Replicable simulation of distal hot water premise plumbing using convectively-mixed pipe reactors.PloS one · 2020Article
- Article
- Water Quality as a Predictor ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Translating research to policy at the NCSE 2017 symposium "Microbiology of the Built Environment: Implications for Health and Design".Microbiome · 2018Article
- Effect of heat shock on hot water plumbing microbiota and Legionella pneumophila control.Microbiome · 2018Article
- Impact of water heater temperature setting and water use frequency on the building plumbing microbiome.The ISME journal · 2017Article
- Combination of Heat Shock and Enhanced Thermal Regime to Control the Growth of a Persistent Legionella pneumophila Strain.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is known to proliferate in hot water plumbing systems, but little is known about the specific physicochemical factors that contribute to its regrowth. Here, L. pneumophila trends were examined in controlled, replicated pilot-scale hot water systems with continuous recirculation lines subject to two water heater settings (40 °C and 58 °C) and three distal tap water use frequencies (high, medium, and low) with two pipe configurations (oriented upward to promote convective mixing with the recirculating line and downward to prevent it). Water heater temperature setting determined where L. pneumophila regrowth occurred in each system, with an increase of up to 4.4 log gene copies/mL in the 40 °C system tank and recirculating line relative to influent water compared to only 2.5 log gene copies/mL regrowth in the 58 °C system. Distal pipes without convective mixing cooled to room temperature (23-24 °C) during periods of no water use, but pipes with convective mixing equilibrated to 30.5 °C in the 40 °C system and 38.8 °C in the 58 °C system. Corresponding with known temperature effects on L. pneumophila growth and enhanced delivery of nutrients, distal pipes with convective mixing had on average 0.2 log more gene copies/mL in the 40 °C system and 0.8 log more gene copies/mL in the 58 °C system. Importantly, this work demonstrated the potential for thermal control strategies to be undermined by distal taps in general, and convective mixing in particular.
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Registered trials
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