ArticlePloS one2016
Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone Age Compound Adhesives.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bio-Based Wax Interfaces for Droplet Energy Harvesting at Fluoropolymer-Like Output Levels.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Ochre-based compound adhesives at the Mousterian type-site document complex cognition and high investment.Science advances · 2024Article
- Differences in birch tar composition are explained by adhesive function in the central European Iron Age.PloS one · 2024Article
- Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae: A tale of two conifers and ancient adhesives production in South Africa.PloS one · 2024Article
- Identifying Palaeolithic birch tar production techniques: challenges from an experimental biomolecular approach.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Archaeological adhesives made fromProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Modern human incursion into Neanderthal territories 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France.Science advances · 2022Article
- Bio-based and bio-inspired adhesives from animals and plants for biomedical applications.Materials today. Bio · 2022Review
- Middle Paleolithic complex technology and a Neandertal tar-backed tool from the Dutch North Sea.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Birch tar production does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Patterns of change and continuity in ochre use during the late Middle Stone Age of the Horn of Africa: The Porc-Epic Cave record.PloS one · 2017Article
- Pressure flaking to serrate bifacial points for the hunt during the MIS5 at Sibudu Cave (South Africa).PloS one · 2017Article
- How people used ochre at Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa: Sixty thousand years of evidence from the Middle Stone Age.PloS one · 2017Article
- Middle Stone Age Ochre Processing and Behavioural Complexity in the Horn of Africa: Evidence from Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The production of compound adhesives using disparate ingredients is seen as some of the best evidence of advanced cognition outside of the use of symbolism. Previous field and laboratory testing of adhesives has shown the complexities involved in creating an effective Middle Stone Age glue using Acacia gum. However, it is currently unclear how efficient different adhesive recipes are, how much specific ingredients influence their performance, and how difficult it may have been for those ingredients to be combined to maximum effect. We conducted a series of laboratory-based lap shear and impact tests, following modern adhesion testing standards, to determine the efficacy of compound adhesives, with particular regard to the ingredient ratios. We tested rosin (colophony) and gum adhesives, containing additives of beeswax and ochre in varying ratios. During both lap shear and impact tests compound rosin adhesives performed better than single component rosin adhesives, and pure acacia gum was the strongest. The large difference in performance between each base adhesive and the significant changes in performance that occur due to relatively small changes in ingredient ratios lend further support to the notion that high levels of skill and knowledge were required to consistently produce the most effective adhesives.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.