ArticleScientific reports2016
Longitudinal association between toenail zinc levels and the incidence of diabetes among American young adults: The CARDIA Trace Element Study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Zinc Intake and Status and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- Zinc Status and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies.Nutrients · 2016Pooled it
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus and zinc dysregulation: From basic and epidemiological evidence to interventions.Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2025Review
- Nutritional intake of micronutrient and macronutrient and type 2 diabetes: machine learning schemes.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Zinc in Cardiovascular Functions and Diseases: Epidemiology and Molecular Mechanisms for Therapeutic Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Upper arm length and knee height are associated with diabetes in the middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- U-shaped Association Between Dietary Zinc Intake and New-onset Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study in China.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Trace element profile and incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer: results from the EPIC-Potsdam cohort study.European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Calcium Intake Is Inversely Related to Risk of Obesity among American Young Adults over a 30-Year Follow-Up.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Association between toenail zinc concentrations and incidence of asthma among American young adults: The CARDIA study.Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2021Article
- Zinc as a Biomarker of Cardiovascular Health.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
- The Potential Role of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in MicroRNAs Dysregulation in STZ-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats.Biological trace element research · 2020Article
- Toenails as biomarker of exposure to essential trace metals: A review.Environmental research · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Data on primary prevention of zinc status and diabetes risk are sparse and inconsistent. Of note, the previous studies measured either dietary zinc intake with questionnaire or zinc status in serum or hair. Toenail zinc levels are reliable biomarkers of a relatively long-term exposure. A total of 3,960 American young adults, aged 20-32 years, free of diabetes at baseline in 1987 when toenail clippings were collected, were examined for incident diabetes through 2010. Toenail zinc levels were measured with an inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectroscopy method. Incident diabetes cases were identified by fasting or non-fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, hemoglobin A1C levels, and/or antidiabetic medications. During the 23-year follow-up, 418 incident diabetes occurred. After adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, study center, body mass index, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, family history of diabetes, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and other dietary and non-dietary potential confounders, the hazard ratio of incident diabetes comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of toenail zinc levels was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.90-1.63; Ptrend = 0.20). Findings from this study do not support the hypothesis that zinc status is inversely and longitudinally associated with the incidence of diabetes in American young adults.
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