ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2016
The case test-negative design for studies of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in inpatient settings.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness With the Test-Negative Design Using Alternative Control Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Pooled it
- Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing severe influenza illness among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies.The Journal of infection · 2017Pooled it
- The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and the added benefit of booster doses in Hessen, Germany, during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a vaccinated-only study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Methods to Adjust for Confounding in Test-Negative Design COVID-19 Effectiveness Studies: Simulation Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Hospitalization, Organ Failure, and Death: United States, 2022-2023.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness.Journal of the American Statistical Association · 2024Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Cases and Hospitalizations in Navarre, Spain, 2022-2023.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Persons Aged 15-64 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness.ArXiv · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of an inactivated Covid-19 vaccine with homologous and heterologous boosters against Omicron in Brazil.Nature communications · 2022Article
- On Measuring Vaccine Effectiveness with Observational Study Designs.Acta medica academica · 2022Observational
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Acute Respiratory Illness Hospitalizations for Influenza-Associated Pneumonia During the 2015-2016 to 2017-2018 Seasons: US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and influenza vaccination effect in preventing outpatient and inpatient influenza cases.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness for Prevention of Severe Influenza-Associated Illness Among Adults in the United States, 2019-2020: A Test-Negative Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in Ambulatory and Inpatient Care Settings.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Simple models to include influenza vaccination history when evaluating the effect of influenza vaccination.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2021Article
- Effect of influenza vaccination in patients with asthma.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2021Article
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults, 2018-2019, US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Next Steps for Efficacy Evaluation in Clinical Trials of COVID-19 Vaccines.Engineering (Beijing, China) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: The test-negative design (TND) to evaluate influenza vaccine effectiveness is based on patients seeking care for acute respiratory infection, with those who test positive for influenza as cases and the test-negatives serving as controls. This design has not been validated for the inpatient setting where selection bias might be different from an outpatient setting. Methods: We derived mathematical expressions for vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations and used numerical simulations to verify theoretical results exploring expected biases under various scenarios. We explored meaningful interpretations of VE estimates from inpatient TND studies. Results: VE estimates from inpatient TND studies capture the vaccine-mediated protection of the source population against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations. If vaccination does not modify disease severity, these estimates are equivalent to VE against influenza virus infection. If chronic cardiopulmonary individuals are enrolled because of non-infectious exacerbation, biased VE estimates (too high) will result. If chronic cardiopulmonary disease status is adjusted for accurately, the VE estimates will be unbiased. If chronic cardiopulmonary illness cannot be adequately be characterized, excluding these individuals may provide unbiased VE estimates. Conclusions: The inpatient TND offers logistic advantages and can provide valid estimates of influenza VE. If highly vaccinated patients with respiratory exacerbation of chronic cardiopulmonary conditions are eligible for study inclusion, biased VE estimates will result unless this group is well characterized and the analysis can adequately adjust for it. Otherwise, such groups of subjects should be excluded from the analysis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.