ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2016
Refugee migration and risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: cohort study of 1.3 million people in Sweden.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT04867447 (Prevalence of Traumatic Events and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Immigrant and Non-immigrant Patients With Psychotic Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 100 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prevalence of Traumatic Events and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Immigrant and Non-immigrant Patients With Psychotic Disorder
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 240 citations in OpenAlex.
- Traumatic Events, Social Adversity and Discrimination as Risk Factors for Psychosis - An Umbrella Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Migration and schizophrenia: meta-analysis and explanatory framework.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Migration and psychosis: a meta-analysis of incidence studies.Psychological medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Risk of Psychosis Among Refugees: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- The impact of immigration detention on mental health: a systematic review.BMC psychiatry · 2018Pooled it
- Impact on routine psychiatric diagnostic practice from implementing the DSM-5 cultural formulation interview: a pragmatic RCT in Sweden.BMC psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Migration background and specialized mental health care utilization in young adults: a register-based study in the Netherlands.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Demographic and clinical profiles of drug-induced psychosis: age, gender, and social context in a German cohort.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex-specific drivers of non-affective psychotic disorders within migrant groups: A 25-year retrospective cohort study of 2 million migrants.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Ambiguous loss in family caregivers of patients in a permanent vegetative state: A reflexive thematic analysis.Palliative & supportive care · 2026Article
- Mental healthcare utilization among migrants and Swedish-born adults accounting for probable needs, 2006-2022.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
- Evaluation and adaptation of the Seamless Care Optimizing the Patient Experience Mental Health program.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2026Article
- Initiation of antipsychotic medication among refugees, non-refugee migrants, second-generation migrants, and Swedish-born adults with incident non-affective psychotic disorders.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Is treatment during a first hospitalization for an acute psychotic episode and after discharge associated with race or ethnicity?Psychiatry research · 2025Article
- Psychiatrists' attitudes and knowledge towards treating asylum seeker and refugee subjects in the UK.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- More or less equal? Trends in horizontal equity in mental health care utilization in Stockholm county, Sweden (2006-2022). Repeated survey-registry linked studies.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Music for displaced dyads: a mixed methods feasibility study on the impact of music therapy on the mental health and wellbeing of Ukrainian refugee families.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated factors for poor mental health among young migrants in Sweden: a cross-sectional study.Global health action · 2024Article
- An Evaluation of a Women's Clinic: The Healthcare and Learning Project of the Functional Unit for Women with Schizophrenia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Incidence of non-affective psychotic disorders in refugees and peers growing up in Denmark and Sweden: a registry linkage study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether refugees are at elevated risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychotic disorders, relative to non-refugee migrants from similar regions of origin and the Swedish-born population.
designCohort study of people living in Sweden, born after 1 January 1984 and followed from their 14th birthday or arrival in Sweden, if later, until diagnosis of a non-affective psychotic disorder, emigration, death, or 31 December 2011.
settingLinked Swedish national register data.
participants1,347,790 people, including people born in Sweden to two Swedish-born parents (1,191,004; 88.4%), refugees (24,123; 1.8%), and non-refugee migrants (132,663; 9.8%) from four major refugee generating regions: the Middle East and north Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe and Russia.
main outcome measuresCox regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for non-affective psychotic disorders by refugee status and region of origin, controlling for age at risk, sex, disposable income, and population density.
results3704 cases of non-affective psychotic disorder were identified during 8.9 million person years of follow-up. The crude incidence rate was 38.5 (95% confidence interval 37.2 to 39.9) per 100,000 person years in the Swedish-born population, 80.4 (72.7 to 88.9) per 100,000 person years in non-refugee migrants, and 126.4 (103.1 to 154.8) per 100,000 person years in refugees. Refugees were at increased risk of psychosis compared with both the Swedish-born population (adjusted hazard ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 2.3 to 3.6) and non-refugee migrants (1.7, 1.3 to 2.1) after adjustment for confounders. The increased rate in refugees compared with non-refugee migrants was more pronounced in men (likelihood ratio test for interaction χ(2) (df=2) z=13.5; P=0.001) and was present for refugees from all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. Both refugees and non-refugee migrants from sub-Saharan Africa had similarly high rates relative to the Swedish-born population.
conclusionsRefugees face an increased risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychotic disorders compared with non-refugee migrants from similar regions of origin and the native-born Swedish population. Clinicians and health service planners in refugee receiving countries should be aware of a raised risk of psychosis in addition to other mental and physical health inequalities experienced by refugees.
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