ReviewToxins2016
The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic S-acylation controls CMG2 maturation extracellular matrix regulation and anthrax toxin susceptibility in vivo.Nature communications · 2026Article
- ZDHHC5: a pivotal palmitoyltransferase orchestrating signaling networks - unraveling mechanisms and therapeutic horizons.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Anthrax toxins exacerbate sepsis-induced coagulopathy and endothelial dysfunction in a baboon model of anthrax.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- Review
- Oligomerization of the Clostridioides difficile transferase B component proceeds through a stepwise mechanism.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Development of Effective Medical Countermeasures Against the Main Biowarfare Agents: The Importance of Antibodies.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Corynebacterium diphtheriae diphtheria toxin and B. anthracis fusion toxin.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Some Examples of Bacterial Toxins as Tools.Toxins · 2024Review
- The Adaptive Immune Response againstViruses · 2024Review
- Article
- Efficacy of therapeutically administered gepotidacin in a rabbit model of inhalational anthrax.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- DARPins bind their cytosolic targets after having been translocated through the protective antigen pore of anthrax toxin.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Feral Swine as Indirect Indicators of Environmental Anthrax Contamination and Potential Mechanical Vectors of Infectious Spores.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Toxin Routes in a Therapeutic Context.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Review
- Modulation of innate lymphoid cells by enteric bacterial pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Group 3 innate lymphocytes (ILC3s) upregulate IL-22 in response to elevated intracellular cAMP levels.Cytokine · 2022Article
- Review
- BrnQ-Type Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transporters Influence Bacillus anthracis Growth and Virulence.mBio · 2022Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Anthrax is a severe, although rather rare, infectious disease that is caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The infectious form is the spore and the major virulence factors of the bacterium are its poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule and the tripartite anthrax toxin. The discovery of the anthrax toxin receptors in the early 2000s has allowed in-depth studies on the mechanisms of anthrax toxin cellular entry and translocation from the endocytic compartment to the cytoplasm. The toxin generally hijacks the endocytic pathway of CMG2 and TEM8, the two anthrax toxin receptors, in order to reach the endosomes. From there, the pore-forming subunit of the toxin inserts into endosomal membranes and enables translocation of the two catalytic subunits. Insertion of the pore-forming unit preferentially occurs in intraluminal vesicles rather than the limiting membrane of the endosome, leading to the translocation of the enzymatic subunits in the lumen of these vesicles. This has important consequences that will be discussed. Ultimately, the toxins reach the cytosol where they act on their respective targets. Target modification has severe consequences on cell behavior, in particular on cells of the immune system, allowing the spread of the bacterium, in severe cases leading to host death. Here we will review the literature on anthrax disease with a focus on the structure of the toxin, how it enters cells and its immunological effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.