ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2016
Potential Use of Antimicrobial Peptides as Vaginal Spermicides/Microbicides.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combined nonoxynol-9 and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 for barrier contraception.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Article
- Chitosan Nanoparticles: Approaches to Preparation, Key Properties, Drug Delivery Systems, and Developments in Therapeutic Efficacy.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- The Equilibrium of Bacterial Microecosystem: Probiotics, Pathogenic Bacteria, and Natural Antimicrobial Substances in Semen.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Cytotoxic Oxidative Stress Effects of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps' Components on Cattle Spermatozoa.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Influence of connatural factors in shaping vaginal microflora and ensuring its health.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Review
- Preparation and characterization of vaginal suppository of semisynthetic derivatives of ergot alkaloids cabergoline.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
- Non-Hormonal Contraception.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Safety of multiple administrations of spermicidal LL-37 antimicrobial peptide into the mouse female reproductive tract.Molecular human reproduction · 2023Article
- Insect Antimicrobial Peptides: Advancements, Enhancements and New Challenges.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A Brief History and Advancement of Contraceptive Multipurpose Prevention Technology (cMPT) Products.Open access journal of contraception · 2023Review
- 17BIPHE2, an engineered cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide with low susceptibility to proteases, is an effective spermicide and microbicide against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Multiple Roles of Chitosan in Mucosal Drug Delivery: An Updated Review.Marine drugs · 2022Review
- Alternative strategies forFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Conformation and membrane interaction studies of the potent antimicrobial and anticancer peptide palustrin-Ca.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Review: Examining the Natural Role of Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptide Magainin.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Bioinformatic Analysis of 1000 Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptides Uncovers Multiple Length-Dependent Correlations for Peptide Design and Prediction.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Biomaterials and Contraception: Promises and Pitfalls.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2020Review
- Engineered Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides (eCAPs) to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- Antimicrobial peptides of the vaginal innate immunity and their role in the fight against sexually transmitted diseases.New microbes and new infections · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The concurrent increases in global population and sexually transmitted infection (STI) demand a search for agents with dual spermicidal and microbicidal properties for topical vaginal application. Previous attempts to develop the surfactant spermicide, nonoxynol-9 (N-9), into a vaginal microbicide were unsuccessful largely due to its inefficiency to kill microbes. Furthermore, N-9 causes damage to the vaginal epithelium, thus accelerating microbes to enter the women's body. For this reason, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), naturally secreted by all forms of life as part of innate immunity, deserve evaluation for their potential spermicidal effects. To date, twelve spermicidal AMPs have been described including LL-37, magainin 2 and nisin A. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is the most promising spermicidal AMP to be further developed for vaginal use for the following reasons. First, it is a human AMP naturally produced in the vagina after intercourse. Second, LL-37 exerts microbicidal effects to numerous microbes including those that cause STI. Third, its cytotoxicity is selective to sperm and not to the female reproductive tract. Furthermore, the spermicidal effects of LL-37 have been demonstrated in vivo in mice. Therefore, the availability of LL-37 as a vaginal spermicide/microbicide will empower women for self-protection against unwanted pregnancies and STI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.