ArticleJournal of analytical toxicology2016
Simultaneous Measurement of 3-Chlorotyrosine and 3,5-Dichlorotyrosine in Whole Blood, Serum and Plasma by Isotope Dilution HPLC-MS-MS.
Article in Journal of analytical toxicology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- A human airway-on-a-chip microphysiological system for modeling chlorine gas toxicity.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Myeloperoxidase Enzyme Activity in Feces Reflects Endoscopic Severity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2025Article
- 2-Chloro- and 2-Bromopalmitic acids inhibit mitochondrial function in airway epithelial cells.Advances in redox research · 2025Article
- Recapitulation of human pathophysiology and identification of forensic biomarkers in a translational model of chlorine inhalation injury.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Article
- Establishing Population Values for Chlorine Exposure in the United States (2015-2016) Using 2 Chlorine Biomarkers, 3-Chlorotyrosine and 3,5-Dichlorotyrosine.The journal of applied laboratory medicine · 2024Article
- Verification of chlorine exposure via LC-MS/MS analysis of base hydrolyzed chlorophenols from chlorotyrosine-protein adducts.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences · 2024Article
- Oxidative stress: fundamentals and advances in quantification techniques.Frontiers in chemistry · 2024Review
- Influence of Chlorinating Agents on the Formation of Stable Biomarkers in Hair for the Retrospective Verification of Exposure.Analytical chemistry · 2022Article
- Elucidation of in Vitro Chlorinated Tyrosine Adducts in Blood Plasma as Selective Biomarkers of Chlorine Exposure.Chemical research in toxicology · 2022Article
- Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Acute Inflammatory Response and Injury in Murine Lung Is Ameliorated by Synthetic Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (LGM2605).International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Development of a clinical assay to measure chlorinated tyrosine in hair and tissue samples using a mouse chlorine inhalation exposure model.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2021Article
- Effects of exposure to water disinfection by-products in a swimming pool: A metabolome-wide association study.Environment international · 2018Article
- Formation of chlorinated lipids post-chlorine gas exposure.Journal of lipid research · 2016Article
- Chlorinated Phospholipids and Fatty Acids: (Patho)physiological Relevance, Potential Toxicity, and Analysis of Lipid Chlorohydrins.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chlorine is a public health concern and potential threat due to its high reactivity, ease and scale of production, widespread industrial use, bulk transportation, massive stockpiles and history as a chemical weapon. This work describes a new, sensitive and rapid stable isotope dilution method for the retrospective detection and quantitation of two chlorine adducts. The biomarkers 3-chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr) and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine (Cl2-Tyr) were isolated from the pronase digest of chlorine exposed whole blood, serum or plasma by solid-phase extraction (SPE), separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). The calibration range is 2.50-1,000 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.998) with a lowest reportable limit (LRL) of 2.50 ng/mL for both analytes, an accuracy of ≥93% and an LOD of 0.443 ng/mL for Cl-Tyr and 0.396 ng/mL for Cl2-Tyr. Inter- and intra-day precision of quality control samples had coefficients of variation of ≤10% and ≤7.0%, respectively. Blood and serum samples from 200 healthy individuals and 175 individuals with chronic inflammatory disease were analyzed using this method to assess background levels of chlorinated tyrosine adducts. Results from patients with no known inflammatory disease history (healthy) showed baseline levels of <LRL-4.26 ng/mL Cl-Tyr and <LRL Cl2-Tyr. Patients with inflammatory disease had baseline levels of <LRL-15.4 ng/mL Cl-Tyr and <LRL-5.22 ng/mL Cl2-Tyr. Blood exposed to 2.02 ppm chlorine gas for 15 min produced 941 ng/mL Cl-Tyr and 223 ng/mL Cl2-Tyr. This high-throughput method has been developed and analytically validated for the diagnosis of human exposure to chlorine.
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Registered trials
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