ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016
Optogenetic skeletal muscle-powered adaptive biological machines.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed.
- Wireless bioelectronic control architectures for muscle-powered biohybrid robotic systems.APL bioengineering · 2026Article
- 2D Skeletal Muscle Thin Film Actuators Enhance Efficiency of Biohybrid Robots.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Twirlbot: Tumbleweed-inspired rolling robot.Science advances · 2026Article
- Physiological and functional characterization for high-throughput optogenetic skeletal muscle exercise assays.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Article
- Mechanobiological landscape of muscle stem cells.Skeletal muscle · 2026Review
- Biohybrid Robots with Embedded Conductive Fibers for Actuation, Sensing, and Closed-loop Control.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fast-swimming biohybrid OstraBot with self-trained high-strength muscles.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Biohybrid Tendons Enhance the Power-to-Weight Ratio and Modularity of Muscle-Powered Robots.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Fibrillar Bundles as Fibrous Filler Materials for Attaining Cell Anisotropy in Bioprinting.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Evaluation of material effects on three-dimensional cultured skeletal muscle cells for biohybrid robots.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2026Article
- Filamented Light (FLight) Bioprinting of Mini-Muscles with Self-Renewal Potential.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- A wireless optogenetic stimulation system for long-term function evaluation of mice forelimb with sub-nerve resolution.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Optogenetic neuromuscular actuation of a miniature electronic biohybrid robot.Science robotics · 2025Article
- Enhanced Media Optimize Bovine Myogenesis in 2D and 3D Models for Cultivated Meat Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- The Morphological, Behavioral, and Transcriptomic Life Cycle of Anthrobots.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Microalgae empower skeletal muscle via increased force production and viability.Science advances · 2025Article
- A forward-engineered, muscle-driven soft robotic swimmer.Science advances · 2025Article
- Tetanus-driven biohybrid multijoint robots powered by muscle rings with enhanced contractile force.Science advances · 2025Article
- Multicellular muscle-tendon bioprinting of mechanically optimized musculoskeletal bioactuators with enhanced force transmission.Science advances · 2025Article
- Development of an electrical current stimulator for controlling biohybrid machines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Complex biological systems sense, process, and respond to their surroundings in real time. The ability of such systems to adapt their behavioral response to suit a range of dynamic environmental signals motivates the use of biological materials for other engineering applications. As a step toward forward engineering biological machines (bio-bots) capable of nonnatural functional behaviors, we created a modular light-controlled skeletal muscle-powered bioactuator that can generate up to 300 µN (0.56 kPa) of active tension force in response to a noninvasive optical stimulus. When coupled to a 3D printed flexible bio-bot skeleton, these actuators drive directional locomotion (310 µm/s or 1.3 body lengths/min) and 2D rotational steering (2°/s) in a precisely targeted and controllable manner. The muscle actuators dynamically adapt to their surroundings by adjusting performance in response to "exercise" training stimuli. This demonstration sets the stage for developing multicellular bio-integrated machines and systems for a range of applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.