Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26976201›Full record

ArticleThe Lancet. Oncology2016

Prognostic value of medulloblastoma extent of resection after accounting for molecular subgroup: a retrospective integrated clinical and molecular analysis.

Eric M Thompson, Thomas Hielscher, Eric Bouffet, Marc Remke, Betty Luu, Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E McLendon, Darell D Bigner, Eric S Lipp, Sebastien Perreault and 97 more

Erratum issuedOpen access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Lancet. Oncology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 205 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
205citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
20.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

205 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 365 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Sodium fluorescein in pediatric neurosurgery: a systematic review with technical considerations and future perspectives.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2023
    Pooled it
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  3. Intraoperative MRI versus intraoperative ultrasound in pediatric brain tumor surgery: is expensive better than cheap? A review of the literature.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2022
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  9. A CBF decrease in the left supplementary motor areas: New insight into postoperative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome using arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2021
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  13. Surgical resection in medulloblastoma: a crossroads in the molecular era.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2026
    Review
  14. The emerging role of intraoperative nanopore sequencing on the neurosurgical strategy in paediatric embryonal brain tumours.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2026
    Review
  15. Review
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145 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

107 authors at 20 institutions in 19 countries.

Eric M ThompsonDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Thomas HielscherDivision of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
Eric BouffetDivision of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Marc RemkeDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Betty LuuDevelopmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Sridharan GururanganThe Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Roger E McLendonDepartment of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Darell D BignerDepartment of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Eric S LippDepartment of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Sebastien PerreaultDivision of Child Neurology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Yoon-Jae ChoDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Gerald GrantDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA.
Seung-Ki KimDepartment of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
Ji Yeoun LeeDepartment of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
Amulya A Nageswara RaoDivision of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Caterina GianniniDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Kay Ka Wai LiDepartment of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Ho-Keung NgDepartment of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Yu YaoDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hua Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Toshihiro KumabeDepartment of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
Teiji TominagaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Wieslawa A GrajkowskaDepartment of Pathology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
Marta Perek-PolnikDepartment of Oncology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
David C Y LowNeurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
Wan Tew SeowNeurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
Kenneth T E ChangDepartment of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
Jaume MoraDevelopmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
Ian F PollackDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Ronald L HamiltonDepartment of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Sarah LearyCancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
Andrew S MooreUQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Oncology Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Wendy J IngramUQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Andrew R HallahanUQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Oncology Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Anne JouvetCentre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
Michelle Fèvre-MontangeINSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
Alexandre VasiljevicCentre de Pathologie et Neuropathologie Est, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; ONCOFLAM, Neuro-Oncologie et Neuro-Inflammation Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France.
Cecile Faure-ConterInstitute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Lyon, France.
Tomoko ShofudaDivision of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Naoki KagawaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Naoya HashimotoDepartment of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Nada JabadoDivision of Hematology/Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Alexander G WeilDepartments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Tenzin GaydenDepartments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Takafumi WatayaDepartment of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
Tarek ShalabyDepartments of Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Michael GrotzerDepartments of Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Karel ZitterbartDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Jaroslav SterbaDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Leos KrenDepartment of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
Tibor HortobágyiDivision of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary.
Almos KleknerDivision of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary.
Bognár LászlóDivision of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary.
Tímea Pócza2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Peter Hauser2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Ulrich SchüllerCenter for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
Shin JungDepartment of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Chonnam South Korea.
Woo-Youl JangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Chonnam South Korea.
Pim J FrenchDepartment of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Johan M KrosDepartment of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Marie-Lise C van VeelenDepartment of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Luca MassimiPediatric Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
Jeffrey R LeonardDepartment of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA.
Joshua B RubinDepartments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA.
Rajeev VibhakarDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
Lola B ChamblessDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Michael K CooperDepartment of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Reid C ThompsonDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Claudia C FariaDivision of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.
Alice CarvalhoDepartamento de Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Sofia NunesUnidade de Neuro-Oncologia Pediátrica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal.
José PimentelDivison of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.
Xing FanDepartment of Neurosurgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Karin M MuraszkoDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Enrique López-AguilarDivision of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional Century XXI, Mexico City, Mexico.
David LydenDepartment of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
Livia GarziaDevelopmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
David J H ShihDevelopmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Noriyuki KijimaDevelopmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Christian SchneiderDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Jennifer AdamskiDivision of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Paul A NorthcottDivision of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
Marcel KoolDivision of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
David T W JonesDivision of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
Jennifer A ChanDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Ana NikolicDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Maria Luisa GarreUO Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
Erwin G Van MeirDepartment of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Satoru OsukaDepartment of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Jeffrey J OlsonDepartment of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Arman JahangiriDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Brandyn A CastroDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nalin GuptaDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
William A WeissDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Iska Moxon-EmreProgram in Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Donald J MabbottProgram in Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Alvaro LassalettaDivision of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Cynthia E HawkinsDivision of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Uri TaboriDivision of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
James DrakeDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Abhaya KulkarniDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Peter DirksDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
James T RutkaDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Andrey KorshunovClinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
Stefan M PfisterDivision of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Roger J PackerDepartment of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
Vijay RamaswamyDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Michael D TaylorDivision of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: mdtaylor@sickkids.ca.
Hospital for Sick Children · CAGerman Cancer Research Center · DENeurological Surgery · USDuke University · USSickKids Foundation · CAEmory University · USErasmus MC · NLKK Women's and Children's Hospital · SGMcGill University · CAThe University of Queensland · AUUniversity of Debrecen · HUCentre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon · FRChildren's Memorial Health Institute · PLChinese University of Hong Kong · HKChonnam National University Hwasun Hospital · KRMasaryk University · CZMayo Clinic in Arizona · USSemmelweis University · HUSeoul National University Children's Hospital · KRSt. Louis Children's Hospital · US

Funding

Targeted Alpha-Particle Radiotheraphy of Brain Tumors with 211At-81C6 AntibodyP50CA190991 · NCI · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI SAMPSON, JOHN H. · 2014 to 2023
$20.8M
Mouse models to discover new drivers of medulloblastomaR01CA159859 · NCI · SANFORD BURNHAM PREBYS MEDICAL DISCOVERY INSTITUTE · PI Michael D. Taylor, WILLIAM A WEISS · 2011 to 2026
$10.4M
Medulloblastoma and MetastasesR01CA148699 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI TAYLOR, MICHAEL D., WEISS, WILLIAM A · 2010 to 2014
$2.4M
Targeting Mechanisms of Medulloblastoma FormationR01NS096236 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI VAN MEIR, ERWIN G. · 2016 to 2020
$1.9M
Defining mechanisms of extracellular communication for cancer therapyR01CA163722 · NCI · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI VAN MEIR, ERWIN G. · 2013 to 2017
$1.7M
Cancer Stem Cell Niche in Brain TumorsR01CA148621 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI FAN, XING · 2011 to 2015
$1.6M
Investigating Cancer Stem Cells - Niche Interactions in Brain TumorR01CA163737 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI FAN, XING · 2012 to 2016
$1.2M
beta1 integrin/c-Met: a receptor complex driving invasive resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy in glioblastomaF31CA203372 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI JAHANGIRI, ARMAN · 2016 to 2017
$66k
CIHRNCI NIH HHS F31 CA203372NCI NIH HHS P50 CA190991NCI NIH HHS R01 CA148621NCI NIH HHS R01 CA148699NCI NIH HHS R01 CA159859NCI NIH HHS R01 CA163722NCI NIH HHS R01 CA163737NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS096236
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPatients with incomplete surgical resection of medulloblastoma are controversially regarded as having a marker of high-risk disease, which leads to patients undergoing aggressive surgical resections, so-called second-look surgeries, and intensified chemoradiotherapy. All previous studies assessing the clinical importance of extent of resection have not accounted for molecular subgroup. We analysed the prognostic value of extent of resection in a subgroup-specific manner.

methodsWe retrospectively identified patients who had a histological diagnosis of medulloblastoma and complete data about extent of resection and survival from centres participating in the Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium. We collected from resections done between April, 1997, and February, 2013, at 35 international institutions. We established medulloblastoma subgroup affiliation by gene expression profiling on frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. We classified extent of resection on the basis of postoperative imaging as gross total resection (no residual tumour), near-total resection (<1·5 cm(2) tumour remaining), or sub-total resection (≥1·5 cm(2) tumour remaining). We did multivariable analyses of overall survival and progression-free survival using the variables molecular subgroup (WNT, SHH, group 4, and group 3), age (<3 vs ≥3 years old), metastatic status (metastases vs no metastases), geographical location of therapy (North America/Australia vs rest of the world), receipt of chemotherapy (yes vs no) and receipt of craniospinal irradiation (<30 Gy or >30 Gy vs no craniospinal irradiation). The primary analysis outcome was the effect of extent of resection by molecular subgroup and the effects of other clinical variables on overall and progression-free survival.

findingsWe included 787 patients with medulloblastoma (86 with WNT tumours, 242 with SHH tumours, 163 with group 3 tumours, and 296 with group 4 tumours) in our multivariable Cox models of progression-free and overall survival. We found that the prognostic benefit of increased extent of resection for patients with medulloblastoma is attenuated after molecular subgroup affiliation is taken into account. We identified a progression-free survival benefit for gross total resection over sub-total resection (hazard ratio [HR] 1·45, 95% CI 1·07-1·96, p=0·16) but no overall survival benefit (HR 1·23, 0·87-1·72, p=0·24). We saw no progression-free survival or overall survival benefit for gross total resection compared with near-total resection (HR 1·05, 0·71-1·53, p=0·8158 for progression-free survival and HR 1·14, 0·75-1·72, p=0·55 for overall survival). No significant survival benefit existed for greater extent of resection for patients with WNT, SHH, or group 3 tumours (HR 1·03, 0·67-1·58, p=0·89 for sub-total resection vs gross total resection). For patients with group 4 tumours, gross total resection conferred a benefit to progression-free survival compared with sub-total resection (HR 1·97, 1·22-3·17, p=0·0056), especially for those with metastatic disease (HR 2·22, 1·00-4·93, p=0·050). However, gross total resection had no effect on overall survival compared with sub-total resection in patients with group 4 tumours (HR 1·67, 0·93-2·99, p=0·084).

interpretationThe prognostic benefit of increased extent of resection for patients with medulloblastoma is attenuated after molecular subgroup affiliation is taken into account. Although maximum safe surgical resection should remain the standard of care, surgical removal of small residual portions of medulloblastoma is not recommended when the likelihood of neurological morbidity is high because there is no definitive benefit to gross total resection compared with near-total resection.

fundingCanadian Cancer Society Research Institute, Terry Fox Research Institute, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, and the Garron Family Chair in Childhood Cancer Research.

Indexed as

PrognosisAdultBrain NeoplasmsCanadaChildChild, PreschoolCombined Modality TherapyDisease-Free SurvivalDisease ProgressionFemaleHumansInfantMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMedulloblastomaRetrospective Studies

Identifiers

PMID26976201
PMCPMC4907853
OpenAlexW2295672901

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.