ArticlePloS one2016
Risk Environments, Race/Ethnicity, and HIV Status in a Large Sample of People Who Inject Drugs in the United States.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms of overdose from unintentional fentanyl use when intending to use stimulants: a qualitative study of people who use stimulants and avoid opioids.Research square · 2026Article
- Structural Influences on Methamphetamine Use Among Black Sexual Minority Men (HISTORY Study): Protocol for a Longitudinal Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Estimation of place-based vulnerability scores for HIV viral non-suppression: an application leveraging data from a cohort of people with histories of using drugs.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Assessing the relationship between syringe exchange, pharmacy, and street sources of accessing syringes and injection drug use behavior in a pooled nationally representative sample of people who inject drugs in the United States from 2002 to 2019.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- A Concept Mapping Study to Understand Multilevel Resilience Resources Among African American/Black Adults Living with HIV in the Southern United States.AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- White Counties Stand Apart: The Primacy of Residential Segregation in COVID-19 and HIV Diagnoses.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2020Article
- Geographic distribution of risk ("Hotspots") for HIV, HCV, and drug overdose among persons who use drugs in New York City: the importance of local history.Harm reduction journal · 2019Article
- The intersectional risk environment of people who use drugs.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2019Article
- Identifying Which Place Characteristics are Associated with the Odds of Recent HIV Testing in a Large Sample of People Who Inject Drugs in 19 US Metropolitan Areas.AIDS and behavior · 2019Article
- Article
- The Syndemic of Opioid Misuse, Overdose, HCV, and HIV: Structural-Level Causes and Interventions.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- How Do Social Capital and HIV/AIDS Outcomes Geographically Cluster and Which Sociocontextual Mechanisms Predict Differences Across Clusters?Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Article
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities at the End of an HIV Epidemic: Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City, 2011-2015.American journal of public health · 2017Article
- Income inequality, drug-related arrests, and the health of people who inject drugs: Reflections on seventeen years of research.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- Network ethnic homophily and injection equipment sharing among Latinx and White non-Latinx people who inject drugs.Journal of ethnicity in substance abuseArticle
- Geographic Differences and Social Determinants of Health Among People With HIV Attributed to Injection Drug Use, United States, 2017.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionWe analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US.
methodsData on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR%s) were estimated.
resultsBlack and Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. DISCUSSION: Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.
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