ReviewThe Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology2016
Age, APOE and sex: Triad of risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Review in The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 377 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
377 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 616 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of neuro-feedback on Alzheimer's rehabilitation: a bibliometric analysis.Neurodegenerative disease management · 2024Pooled it
- Mosaic Chromosomal Alterations and Human Longevity.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer's Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review ofFrontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- The effect of physical exercise on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Brain and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of multi-domain cognitive function training on cognitive function, working memory, attention, and coordination in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: A one-year prospective randomised controlled trial.Journal of global health · 2023Trial
- Accelerated hippocampal atrophy in APOE ε4 homozygotes and females: Longitudinal findings from the Tohoku Medical Megabank MRI study.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Global and regional amyloid-β in explaining APOE-ε4 and sex associations with medial temporal tau: a neuropathology study.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Repeated presentation of a word list in a consistent order increases differences in total words recalled between those with and without Alzheimer's disease.Neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Risk of Dementia After Cholecystectomy in Older Adults: A Nationwide Retrospective Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Observational
- Atypical Alzheimer disease: a multi-axis framework toward defining heterogeneity.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Reframing Alzheimer's Disease Through a Redox-Metabolic Framework.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Plasma Concentrations of Amyloid-β Peptides, BACE-1, and Tau Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease.Turkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in the association between APOE ε4 carrier status and dementia risk by modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.GeroScience · 2026Article
- GPER in murine astrocytes and mural cells promotes neurovascular coupling and Aβ clearance.Research square · 2026Article
- The Neurology of Menopause.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- DNAJB6a deficiency induces tau pathology through IRE1α-Xbp1-induced mitochondria dysfunction.Zoological research · 2026Article
- Effect of Parity and β-Amyloid on Cognition and Hippocampal Volume in Postmenopausal Women.Neurology · 2026Article
- APOE4 negates the effects of ovarian hormones on cerebrovascular endothelial and mitochondrial function.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Lecanemab treatment improves B cell subpopulation immune homeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
317 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Age, apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE) and chromosomal sex are well-established risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD; AD). Over 60% of persons with AD harbor at least one APOE-ε4 allele. The sex-based prevalence of AD is well documented with over 60% of persons with AD being female. Evidence indicates that the APOE-ε4 risk for AD is greater in women than men, which is particularly evident in heterozygous women carrying one APOE-ε4 allele. Paradoxically, men homozygous for APOE-ε4 are reported to be at greater risk for mild cognitive impairment and AD. Herein, we discuss the complex interplay between the three greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, age, APOE-ε4 genotype and chromosomal sex. We propose that the convergence of these three risk factors, and specifically the bioenergetic aging perimenopause to menopause transition unique to the female, creates a risk profile for AD unique to the female. Further, we discuss the specific risk of the APOE-ε4 positive male which appears to emerge early in the aging process. Evidence for impact of the triad of AD risk factors is most evident in the temporal trajectory of AD progression and burden of pathology in relation to APOE genotype, age and sex. Collectively, the data indicate complex interactions between age, APOE genotype and gender that belies a one size fits all approach and argues for a precision medicine approach that integrates across the three main risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.