ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2016
Changes in Extraocular Muscle Volume During Ocular Duction.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on volumetric analysis in orbital MRI.Neuroradiology · 2025Pooled it
- Finite element modeling of effects of tissue property variation on human optic nerve tethering during adduction.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Finite Element Model of Ocular Adduction by Active Extraocular Muscle Contraction.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Functional Anatomy of Muscle Mechanisms: Compensating Vertical Heterophoria.American journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Functional anatomy of extraocular muscles during human vergence compensation of horizontal heterophoria.Journal of neurophysiology · 2019Article
- Functional anatomy of human extraocular muscles during fusional divergence.Journal of neurophysiology · 2018Article
- The Globe's Eccentric Rotational Axis: Why Medial Rectus Surgery Is More Potent than Lateral Rectus Surgery.Ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Optic Nerve Traction During Adduction in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma With Normal Intraocular Pressure.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2017Article
- Dynamic Imaging of the Eye, Optic Nerve, and Extraocular Muscles With Golden Angle Radial MRI.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIt has been tacitly assumed that overall extraocular muscle (EOM) volume is conserved during contraction and relaxation, yet this assumption has been untested up to now. We used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine if total EOM volume changes during relaxation and contraction.
methodsSurface coil MRI in quasi-coronal planes was obtained in target-controlled, maximal secondary gaze positions in 30 orbits of 15 normal subjects at 312-μm resolution. Ductions were quantified by changes in globe-optic nerve positions. Cross-sections of EOM were manually outlined in contiguous image planes so that volumes could be calculated by multiplying summed cross sections by the 2-mm slice thickness. Three-dimensional reconstruction allowed measurement of the lengths of terminal, unresolvable EOM segments, providing estimates of terminal EOM volumes to be summed with measured midorbital volumes to obtain total EOM volumes.
resultsDuction range averaged 44.3 ± 4.8° from relaxation to contraction. There was a significant increase in total volume in each rectus EOM from relaxation to contraction: superior rectus (SR) 92 ± 36 mm3 (+18%, P < 10-11); inferior rectus (IR) 51 ± 18 mm3 (+9%, P < 10-11); medial rectus (MR) 78 ± 36 mm3 (+11%, P < 10-5); and lateral rectus (LR) 47 ± 45 mm3 (+7%, P = 0.005). Because volume changes for SR and MR exceed IR and LR, total rectus EOM volume increases in supraduction 41 ± 42 mm3 (+3.7%) and adduction 32 ± 63 mm3 (+2.3%).
conclusionsTotal EOM volume is not conserved but instead increases with contraction and decreased with relaxation. Contractile volume increases may be secondary to increased actin-myosin lattice spacing, so that density decreases. This effect is opposite that of possible hemodynamic changes.
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