ArticlePLoS pathogens2016
TIM3 Mediates T Cell Exhaustion during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 139 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
139 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 199 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Emerging Role of TIM3 Expression on T Cells in Chronic Kidney Inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Antigen Availability Shapes T Cell Differentiation and Function during Tuberculosis.Cell host & microbe · 2017Trial
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis: from immunological mechanisms to translational applications.Cell insight · 2026Review
- A single-cell atlas of peripheral immunity suggests immune subset attrition during tuberculosis dissemination.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis: Interplay Between Host Antituberculosis Immunity and Immune Evasion Strategies ofMedComm · 2026Review
- Immune endotypes in tuberculosis: Keys to decoding disease complexity.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccine development for tuberculosis: antigen design, immune mechanisms, and translational challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- A CD40-OX40 co-stimulatory circuit orchestrates protective CD4Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Infection and Cancer: Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Interventions.MedComm · 2026Review
- Walking the tightrope: Balancing immune checkpoints and their inhibitors in host defence against bacterial infections.Journal of applied biomedicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Advanced immunotherapy across diseases and the role of artificial intelligence: A review.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2026Review
- NR4A1 limits CD8⁺ T Cell effector responses and protection in tuberculosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- NR4A1 limits CD8Research square · 2026Article
- Immune Dysregulation in HIV-TB Co-Infection: Role of Cytokines and T Cell Biomarkers-A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- T cell exhaustion in parasitic infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid reveals immune-cell heterogeneity and multicompartment MIF/CD74-related communication in tuberculous and purulent meningitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: current landscape, mechanistic insights, and translational perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil CD64 index for diagnosing and tracking treatment response across the mycobacterial infection spectrum: a retrospective two-cohort study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- T cell-macrophage interactions in tuberculosis: What we've got here is failure to communicate.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While T cell immunity initially limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, why T cell immunity fails to sterilize the infection and allows recrudescence is not clear. One hypothesis is that T cell exhaustion impairs immunity and is detrimental to the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. Here we provide functional evidence for the development T cell exhaustion during chronic TB. Second, we evaluate the role of the inhibitory receptor T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (TIM3) during chronic M. tuberculosis infection. We find that TIM3 expressing T cells accumulate during chronic infection, co-express other inhibitory receptors including PD1, produce less IL-2 and TNF but more IL-10, and are functionally exhausted. Finally, we show that TIM3 blockade restores T cell function and improves bacterial control, particularly in chronically infected susceptible mice. These data show that T cell immunity is suboptimal during chronic M. tuberculosis infection due to T cell exhaustion. Moreover, in chronically infected mice, treatment with anti-TIM3 mAb is an effective therapeutic strategy against tuberculosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.