ArticleJournal of visualized experiments : JoVE2016
Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges.
Article in Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Early-Life Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement and Home Environment on Autonomic Nervous System Regulation at 9-11 Years: A Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Trial
- Synchronizing brains and hearts: A practical guide for caregiver-child fNIRS-ECG multimodal hyperscanning.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Dynamics of mother-infant parasympathetic regulation during face-to-face interaction: The role of maternal emotion dysregulation.Psychophysiology · 2023Article
- Autonomic profiles and self-regulation outcomes in early childhood.Developmental science · 2022Article
- Maternal Sensitivity Modulates Child's Parasympathetic Mode and Buffers Sympathetic Activity in a Free Play Situation.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Infant weight-for-length gain associated with autonomic nervous system reactivity.Pediatric research · 2021Article
- Identifying profiles of multisystem physiological activity across early childhood: Examining developmental shifts and associations with stress and internalizing problems.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2021Article
- Distribution, Stability, and Continuity of Autonomic Nervous System Responsivity at 18- and 36-Months of Age.Biological research for nursing · 2021Article
- Autonomic nervous system functioning in early childhood: Responses to cognitive and negatively valenced emotional challenges.Developmental psychobiology · 2020Article
- Sexual Dimorphism of Heart Rate Variability in Adolescence: A Case-Control Study on Depression, Anxiety, Stress Levels, Body Composition, and Heart Rate Variability in Adolescents with Impaired Fasting Glucose.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Diverse Autonomic Nervous System Stress Response Patterns in Childhood Sensory Modulation.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2020Article
- Reduced caregiving quality measured during the strange situation procedure increases child's autonomic nervous system stress response.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2019Article
- Effects of pre- and postnatal maternal stress on infant temperament and autonomic nervous system reactivity and regulation in a diverse, low-income population.Development and psychopathology · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal organs (e.g., heart rate, respiration, digestion) and responds to everyday and adverse experiences (1). ANS measures in children have been found to be related to behavior problems, emotion regulation, and health (2-7). Therefore, understanding the factors that affect ANS development during early childhood is important. Both branches of the ANS affect young children's cardiovascular responses to stimuli and have been measured noninvasively, via external monitoring equipment, using valid and reliable measures of physiological change (8-11). However, there are few studies of very young children with simultaneous measures of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which limits understanding of the integrated functioning of the two systems. In addition, the majority of existing studies of young children report on infants' resting ANS measures or their reactivity to commonly used mother-child interaction paradigms, and less is known about ANS reactivity to other challenging conditions. We present a study design and standardized protocol for a non-invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in 18 month old children. We describe methods for continuous monitoring of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS under resting and challenge conditions during a home or laboratory visit and provide descriptive findings from our sample of 140 ethnically diverse toddlers using validated equipment and scoring software. Results revealed that this protocol can produce a range of physiological responses to both resting and developmentally challenging conditions, as indicated by changes in heart rate and indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. Individuals demonstrated variability in resting levels, responses to challenges, and challenge reactivity, which provides additional evidence that this protocol is useful for the examination of ANS individual differences for toddlers.
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