Observational studyChronic respiratory disease2016
Estimating the extent and economic impact of under and overdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care.
Observational study in Chronic respiratory disease, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diagnosed and underdiagnosed cases of COPD in the primary care setting: Differences and similarities.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- The Cost of Primary Care: An Experience Analysis in an Urban Setting.Acta medica Philippina · 2024Article
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Aerosolised micro and nanoparticle: formulation and delivery method for lung imaging.Clinical and translational imaging · 2023Review
- Article
- Initiative to Improve Evidence-Based Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hospitalist Care Using a Novel On-Line Gamification Patient Simulation Tool: A Prospective Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- A snapshot of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management in general practice in Ireland.Irish journal of medical science · 2021Article
- Underestimation of respiratory symptoms by smokers: a thorn in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2021Article
- Challenges and opportunities for telehealth in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative case study in Greece.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2020Article
- Pulmonologists Adherence to the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease GOLD Guidelines: A Goal to Improve.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2020Observational
- Adherence of North-African Pulmonologists to the 2017-Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Pharmacological Treatment Guidelines (PTGs) of Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).BioMed research international · 2020Article
- COPD overdiagnosis in primary care: a UK observational study of consistency of airflow obstruction.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2019Observational
- Use of the terms "overdiagnosis" and "misdiagnosis" in the COPD literature: a rapid review.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2019Article
- Impact of the financial crisis on COPD burden: Greece as a case study.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2018Review
- Missed diagnosis and overtreatment of COPD among smoking primary care population in Central Greece: old problems persist.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2018Article
- The annual direct costs of stable COPD in Greece.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the frequency of under- and over-diagnosis as well as overtreatment and their impact on the financial burden of inhaled drugs for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We examined 3200 subjects (65.5% males) of the general population (>40 year old, current or former smokers, and asthma patients were excluded) during a 3-year period. All participants gave detailed medical history, underwent spirometry, and their current and past inhaled medications were registered through the national electronic prescription system. We diagnosed 342 subjects (10.7%) with COPD of whom 180 (52.6%) had no prior medical diagnosis. Overdiagnosis was the case for 306 subjects (9.6%) of whom 35.1% were treated with inhaled drugs during the last year. We calculated that 55.4% of the current cost for inhaled drugs is wasted to overtreatment and overdiagnosis. If there was adherence to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines both for the diagnosis and treatment it would be a net profit of 36,059€ annually, which would be increased to 116,017€ if we had excluded underdiagnosed patients. Under- and over-diagnosis of COPD as well as non-adherence to GOLD guidelines for treatment are common problems in the primary care setting that increase significantly the economic burden of inhaled medications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.