ArticleBMC cancer2016
Aggressive breast cancer in western Kenya has early onset, high proliferation, and immune cell infiltration.
Article in BMC cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Receptor-Defined Breast Cancer in Five East African Countries and Its Implications for Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JCO global oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with triple-negative breast cancer: real world results from Western Kenya.The oncologist · 2026Article
- The African-Specific Variant in the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Gene, CD8+ T-Cell Density, and Aggressive Breast Cancer Subtypes in Black Women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Inflammation in cancer: therapeutic opportunities from new insights.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Targeted gene panel sequencing of liquid and tissue biopsies reveals actionable genomic alterations in Ghanaian metastatic breast cancer cases.Translational oncology · 2024Article
- Hair Dye and Relaxer Use among Cisgender Women in Embu and Nakuru Counties, Kenya: Associations with Perceived Risk of Breast Cancer and Other Health Effects.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Genetic diversities ofAccess microbiology · 2024Article
- Population-specific Mutation Patterns in Breast Tumors from African American, European American, and Kenyan Patients.Cancer research communications · 2023Article
- Regional Variation in the Tumor Microenvironment, Immune Escape and Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa.Cancer immunology research · 2023Article
- Quality of life of patients one year after breast-conserving surgery versus modified radical mastectomy for early breast cancer: a Kenyan tertiary hospital five-year review.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Review
- Immune response and inflammation in cancer health disparities.Trends in cancer · 2022Review
- Treatment outcomes and its associated factors among breast cancer patients at Kitui Referral Hospital.SAGE open medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- An overview of cancer health disparities: new approaches and insights and why they matter.Carcinogenesis · 2021Review
- Cytotoxic T cells response with decreased CD4/CD8 ratio during mammary tumors inhibition in rats induced by non-contact electric fields.F1000Research · 2021Article
- Potential roles of lymphovascular space invasion based on tumor characteristics provide important prognostic information in T1 tumors with ER and HER2 positive breast cancer.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2020Observational
- Prevalence of Histological Characteristics of Breast Cancer in Rwanda in Relation to Age and Tumor Stages.Hormones & cancer · 2020Article
- The TP63 Gene Polymorphism rs17506395 is Associated with Early Breast Cancer in Cameroon.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2020Article
- Pioneering Informed Consent for Return of Research Results to Breast Cancer Patients Facing Barriers to Implementation of Genomic Medicine: The Kenyan BRCA1/2 Testing Experience Using Whole Exome Sequencing.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Article
- Metastatic Breast Cancer in Kenya: Presentation, Pathologic Characteristics, and Patterns-Findings From a Tertiary Cancer Center.Journal of global oncology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreast cancer incidence and mortality vary significantly among different nations and racial groups. African nations have the highest breast cancer mortality rates in the world, even though the incidence rates are below those of many nations. Differences in disease progression suggest that aggressive breast tumors may harbor a unique molecular signature to promote disease progression. However, few studies have investigated the pathology and clinical markers expressed in breast tissue from regional African patient populations.
methodsWe collected 68 malignant and 89 non-cancerous samples from Kenyan breast tissue. To characterize the tumors from these patients, we constructed tissue microarrays (TMAs) from these tissues. Sections from these TMAs were stained and analyzed using immunohistochemistry to detect clinical breast cancer markers, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor (HER2) status, Ki67, and immune cell markers.
resultsThirty-three percent of the tumors were triple negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-), 59% were ER+, and almost all tumors analyzed were HER2-. Seven percent of the breast cancer patients were male, and 30% were <40 years old at diagnosis. Cancer tissue had increased immune cell infiltration with recruitment of CD163+ (M2 macrophage), CD25+ (regulatory T lymphocyte), and CD4+ (T helper) cells compared to non-cancer tissue.
conclusionsWe identified clinical biomarkers that may assist in identifying therapy strategies for breast cancer patients in western Kenya. Estrogen receptor status in particular should lead initial treatment strategies in these breast cancer patients. Increased CD25 expression suggests a need for additional treatment strategies designed to overcome immune suppression by CD25+ cells in order to promote the antitumor activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.