ArticleCell host & microbe2016
Bacterial Peptidoglycan Traverses the Placenta to Induce Fetal Neuroproliferation and Aberrant Postnatal Behavior
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT06279858 (Probiotic Intervention for Microbiome Modifications and Consequential Clinical Improvements in Children With Fragile X Syndrome), which is not on this map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Probiotic Intervention for Microbiome Modifications and Consequential Clinical Improvements in Children With Fragile X Syndrome: Pilot Study
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- DAMPs, PAMPs, and Alarmins: From Mechanism to Therapy.MedComm · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota alterations in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit extremely preterm infants: a Chinese tertiary center study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Gut Microbiome in Early Ontogeny: Implications for Brain and Immune System Development.Journal of developmental biology · 2026Review
- An unrecognized host response to microbial exposure resets circadian timing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Maternal-fetal dialogue and immunological programming: from fetal development to long-term health outcomes.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Maternal consumption of urbanized diet compromises early-life health in association with gut microbiota.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Does the Maternal Gut Microbiome Influence the Outcome of Perinatal Asphyxia?Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
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- Bidirectional regulation of the brain-gut-microbiota axis following traumatic brain injury.Neural regeneration research · 2025Article
- Well controlled maternal inflammatory bowel disease does not increase the risk of abnormal neurocognitive outcome screening in offspring.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway?Nutrients · 2024Review
- Toll-like receptors as a missing link in Notch signaling cascade during neurodevelopment.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Intergenerational crosstalk of brain-gut axis in parental NdFrontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Sodium Butyrate Induced Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Death in an Experimental Model of Japanese Encephalitis.Metabolic brain disease · 2023Article
- Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: impact on immune system development and atopic disease.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Bacterial TLR2/6 Ligands Block Ciliogenesis, Derepress Hedgehog Signaling, and Expand the Neocortex.mBio · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiome and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Link Yet to Be Disclosed.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Feto-placental Unit: From Development to Function.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for the fetus, including postnatal cognitive disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are obscure. We find that bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (CW), a universal PAMP for TLR2, traverses the murine placenta into the developing fetal brain. In contrast to adults, CW-exposed fetal brains did not show any signs of inflammation or neuronal death. Instead, the neuronal transcription factor FoxG1 was induced, and neuroproliferation leading to a 50% greater density of neurons in the cortical plate was observed. Bacterial infection of pregnant dams, followed by antibiotic treatment, which releases CW, yielded the same result. Neuroproliferation required TLR2 and was recapitulated in vitro with fetal neuronal precursor cells and TLR2/6, but not TLR2/1, ligands. The fetal neuroproliferative response correlated with abnormal cognitive behavior in CW-exposed pups following birth. Thus, the bacterial CW-TLR2 signaling axis affects fetal neurodevelopment and may underlie postnatal cognitive disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.