ReviewThe Journal of physiology2016
The intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
Review in The Journal of physiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed.
- Postbiotic Stool Filtrates From Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Impair Mouse Intestinal Muscle Contractility Ex Vivo and Alter Enteric Cholinergic Neuronal Activity in Vivo.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2026Article
- The Gut-Brain Axis in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: From Biological Mechanisms to Microbiome-Based Therapeutic Strategies-A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of self-abdominal massage on gastrointestinal function in postoperative ileus: a randomised controlled trial protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Vagus Nerve Regulation of Inflammatory Responses in Sepsis: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Applications.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Bridging the gap from mechanism to clinic: a translational perspective on taVNS for gastrointestinal disorders.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Purinergic signaling in the gut neuro-glial-immune axis: mechanisms of homeostasis, inflammation, and gastrointestinal dysfunction.Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Electroacupuncture Attenuates Colitis in Mice Through Activation of Vagus Cholinergic Antiinflammatory Pathways.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Role of physical exercise, vagal nerve stimulation, and vagotomy in inflammatory bowel disease.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Article
- Targeting the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway for type 2 diabetes prevention: A retrospective cohort study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Next generation bioelectronic medicine: making the case for non-invasive closed-loop autonomic neuromodulation.Bioelectronic medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- The link between gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis from the perspective of barrier function.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Comparisons of different electrical stimulation modalities for treating visceral pain in a rodent model of irritable bowel syndrome.Bioelectronic medicine · 2024Article
- Neuroimmune Connectomes in the Gut and Their Implications in Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Non-invasive neuromodulation: an emerging intervention for visceral pain in gastrointestinal disorders.Bioelectronic medicine · 2023Review
- Cholinergic neurons trigger epithelial CaNature · 2023Article
- Anti-Hyperalgesic Efficacy of Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALCAR) Against Visceral Pain Induced by Colitis: Involvement of Glia in the Enteric and Central Nervous System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- Caudal DMN neurons innervate the spleen and release CART peptide to regulate neuroimmune function.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The main task of the immune system is to distinguish and respond accordingly to 'danger' or 'non-danger' signals. This is of critical importance in the gastrointestinal tract in which immune cells are constantly in contact with food antigens, symbiotic microflora and potential pathogens. This complex mixture of food antigens and symbionts are essential for providing vital nutrients, so they must be tolerated by the intestinal immune system to prevent aberrant inflammation. Therefore, in the gut the balance between immune activation and tolerance should be tightly regulated to maintain intestinal homeostasis and to prevent hypersensitivity to harmless luminal antigens. Loss of this delicate equilibrium can lead to abnormal activation of the intestinal immune system resulting in devastating gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent evidence supports the idea that the central nervous system interacts dynamically via the vagus nerve with the intestinal immune system to modulate inflammation through humoral and neural pathways, using a mechanism also referred to as the intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of the mechanisms and neuronal circuits involved in the intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Further investigation on the crosstalk between the nervous and intestinal immune system will hopefully provide new insights leading to the identification of innovative therapeutic approaches to treat intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.