ReviewAnnual review of virology2015
Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation During Chronic Viral Infections.
Review in Annual review of virology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- p53-responsive TLR8 SNP enhances human innate immune response to respiratory syncytial virus.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Host membrane cholesterol constrains constitutive signaling of the oncogenic KSHV GPCR ORF74.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Immunopharmacological and structural design of a polyprotein based multi epitope vaccine against Powassan virus.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation in mania: A proof-of-concept platelet proteomics study.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- CD4Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Apoptotic-Cell Accumulation and Mertk Expression Are Linked to Diminished Antiviral CD8Immune network · 2026Article
- Past viral infections can shape inter-individual variability in anti-viral TLR responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Causal links among gut microbiota, immune-inflammatory and compensatory immune-regulatory systems, and schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- Unveiling the viral dimension: The paediatric gut virome as a key modulator of gastrointestinal metabolic, and neurodevelopmental health.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- Early classical swine fever virus persistence is associated with cytotoxic and immunoregulatory transcriptional signatures distinct from protective C-strain vaccination.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Enhanced TLR7-induced interferon responses in women living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Regulation of T cell exhaustion and stemness: molecular mechanisms and implications for cancer immunotherapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Acute HIV Infection and ART Response: Insights into T Cell Subsets, Activation, Exhaustion, and Blood and GALT HIV Reservoir.Viruses · 2025Article
- Transient receptor potential channels in viral infectious diseases: Biological characteristics and regulatory mechanisms.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
- Immune signatures of SARS-CoV-2 infection resolution in human lung tissues.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- The Lpp-OmpA-BtaE fusion protein causes a protective immune response against Brucella melitensis in mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Innate Immune Response to Powassan Virus Infection: Progress Toward Infection Control.Vaccines · 2025Review
- HIV-1 Vpr orchestrates ciTRAN upregulation through TGF-β induction.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host. Persistently replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral response, allowing the establishment of chronic infections that result in continuous stimulation of both the innate and adaptive immune compartments. This causes a profound reprogramming of the host immune system, including attenuation and persistent low levels of type I interferons, progressive loss (or exhaustion) of CD8(+) T cell functions, and specialization of CD4(+) T cells to produce interleukin-21 and promote antibody-mediated immunity and immune regulation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic changes underlie this adaptation or recalibration of immune cells to the emerging new environment in order to strike an often imperfect balance between the host and the infectious pathogen. In this review we discuss the common immunological hallmarks observed across a range of different persistently replicating viruses and host species, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the biological and clinical implications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.