ArticleAnnual review of virology2014
Naked Viruses That Aren't Always Naked: Quasi-Enveloped Agents of Acute Hepatitis.
Article in Annual review of virology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- ORF2 of hepatitis E virus: genetic and antigenic variation across genotypes and implications for immunity, diagnostics and vaccine development.The Journal of general virology · 2026Review
- Liver Disease and Plant-Derived Phytoconstituents: From Ethnopharmacology to Modern Medicine.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2026Review
- Transferrin receptor 1 is required for efficient hepatitis E virus production.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- GRP75 blocks hepatitis E virus infection by targeting HEV-ORF2 for degradation through chaperone-mediated autophagy and promoting IRF3 activation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- The prion-like characteristic of ORF3 contributes to virion release and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Differential miRNA signatures in Hepatitis E Virus Infection: Insights into acute, chronic, and pregnancy-related outcomes.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Review
- The hepatocyte traffic network in the human hepatitis A virus biological cycle from an evolutionary perspective.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Nonlytic Egress and Transmission in the Virus World.Annual review of biochemistry · 2025Review
- Structural basis for hepatitis E virus neutralization by potent human antibodies.Science advances · 2025Article
- HSV-1 virions and related particles: biogenesis and implications in the infection.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Monitoring of hepatitis E virus infection and replication by functional tagging of the ORF2 protein.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Liver Diseases.Viruses · 2024Review
- Infectious parvovirus B19 circulates in the blood coated with active host protease inhibitors.Nature communications · 2024Article
- NEDD4 family ubiquitin ligase AIP4 interacts with Alix to enable HBV naked capsid egress in an Alix ubiquitination-independent manner.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- A Useful Method to Provide Infectious and Cultivable In Vitro Naked Viral Particles of Hepatitis A Virus.Viruses · 2024Article
- Hepatitis E Virus: What More Do We Need to Know?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Identification and Genomic Characterization of Two Novel Hepatoviruses in Shrews from Yunnan Province, China.Viruses · 2024Article
- Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Mode of Viral Propagation Exploited by Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Multi-epitope vaccine design for hepatitis E virus based on protein ORF2 and ORF3.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Amino acid pattern reveals multi-functionality of ORF3 protein from HEV.Bioinformation · 2024Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Historically, viruses were considered to be either enveloped or nonenveloped. However, recent work on hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus challenges this long-held tenet. Whereas these human pathogens are shed in feces as naked nonenveloped virions, recent studies indicate that both circulate in the blood completely masked in membranes during acute infection. These membrane-wrapped virions are as infectious as their naked counterparts, although they do not express a virally encoded protein on their surface, thus distinguishing them from conventional enveloped viruses. The absence of a viral fusion protein implies that these quasi-enveloped virions have unique mechanisms for entry into cells. Like true enveloped viruses, however, these phylogenetically distinct viruses usurp components of the host ESCRT system to hijack host cell membranes and noncytolytically exit infected cells. The membrane protects these viruses from neutralizing antibodies, facilitating dissemination within the host, whereas nonenveloped virions shed in feces are stable in the environment, allowing for epidemic transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.