ArticleHarm reduction journal2016
Understanding differences in HIV/HCV prevalence according to differentiated risk behaviors in a sample of PWID in rural Puerto Rico.
Article in Harm reduction journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Hepatitis C bio-behavioural surveys in people who inject drugs-a systematic review of sensitivity to the theoretical assumptions of respondent driven sampling.Harm reduction journal · 2017Pooled it
- Association of skin infections with sharing of injection drug preparation equipment among people who inject drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Trial
- Hepatitis C virus transmission among people who inject drugs in rural United States: mathematical modeling study using stochastic agent-based network simulation.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Differential risk for Hepatitis C and HIV among people who inject drugs in Kenya: a latent class analysis signaling needs for innovation in service delivery.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- "Sharing is my only option": an ethnographic analysis of the underlying contexts of needle and syringe sharing among people who inject drugs using the socio-ecological framework.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Potential impact of curative and preventive interventions toward hepatitis C elimination in people who inject drugs-A network modeling study.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Prevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis C antibody and RNA among people who inject drugs in Puerto Rico.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
- Hepatitis C virus care cascade among people who inject drugs in puerto rico: Minimal HCV treatment and substantial barriers to HCV care.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- "I don't want to die": a qualitative study of coping strategies to prevent fentanyl-related overdose deaths among people who inject drugs and its implications for harm reduction policies.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis C: a cross-sectional study of persons who inject drugs in Puerto Rico, 2018.BMC public health · 2023Article
- "The Drug Sellers Were Better Organized than the Government": A Qualitative Study of Participants' Views of Drug Markets during COVID-19 and Other Big Events.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Risk of Drug Overdose Mortality for Island-Born and US-Born Puerto Ricans, 2013-2019.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Behavioural Risk for HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C Infections among a Population of Drug Users and Injectors across Four Regions in Ghana.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Employing Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) to recruit people who inject drugs (PWID) and other hard-to-reach populations during COVID-19: Lessons learned.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Treatment trajectories and barriers in opioid agonist therapy for people who inject drugs in rural Puerto Rico.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2021Article
- "He's under oath": Privacy and Confidentiality Views Among People Who Inject Drugs Enrolled in a Study of Social Networks and Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus Risk.Journal of empirical research on human research ethics : JERHRE · 2021Article
- Toward Community Empowerment: The Puerto RicanContemporary drug problems · 2021Article
- "Caballo": risk environments, drug sharing and the emergence of a hepatitis C virus epidemic among people who inject drugs in Puerto Rico.Harm reduction journal · 2020Article
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Prevalence of HBsAg and HIV and HCV Antibodies among People Who Inject Drugs and Female Sex Workers.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Puerto Rican Syndemics: Opiates, Overdoses, HIV, and the Hepatitis C Virus in a Context of Ongoing Crises.American journal of public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlood contained in needles and injection equipment has been identified as a vector for HIV and HCV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID). Yet, there is often a wide discrepancy in prevalence for both viruses. While microbiological differences between viruses influence prevalence, other variables associated with the way drugs are acquired and used, also play a role.
methodsRespondent-driven sampling (RDS) methods recruited a sample of 315 current intravenous drug users in rural Puerto Rico. Information about type and frequency of use, HIV and HVC risk behaviors (sharing needles, cookers, cotton, and water), sexual behaviors, and alcohol use was collected. HIV and HCV statuses were assessed via rapid antibody tests. T tests compare means of participants who tested positive (reactive) to those who tested negative. Logistic regression analyses were used to validate the association of the risk factors involved.
resultsTests showed a significant difference in HIV (6%) and HCV (78.4%) prevalence among a population of current PWID. The main risk behaviors in HCV transmission are the sharing of injection "works", (e.g., cookers, cotton, and water). Sharing works occurred more than twice as often as the sharing of needles, and HCV+ and HCV- individuals reported the same needle sharing habits.
conclusionsWashing and rinsing injection works with water seems to prevent HIV transmission, but it is unable to prevent HCV infection. While education about the need to clean injection equipment with bleach might be beneficial, equipment sharing--and the subsequent risk of HVC--might be unavoidable in a context where participants are forced to pool resources to acquire and use intravenous drugs.
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