ReviewCurrent neuropharmacology2016
Neuroprotection by Estrogen and Progesterone in Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury.
Review in Current neuropharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 211 citations in OpenAlex.
- Complications After Maternal Traumatic Brain Injury During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Predicting outcome in disorders of consciousness: A mega-analysis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of growth factor gene-modified stem cells for motor function after spinal cord injury in rodents: a systematic review and meta‑analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2024Pooled it
- Comparison of Antioxidant Capacity and Network Pharmacology of Phloretin and Phlorizin against Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Pooled it
- Progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A devastating legacy of repetitive concussion.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Review
- Intracranial inflammation and meningeal fibrosis are associated with perivascular changes, altered CSF tracer dynamics, and cognitive decline in a rat model of communicating hydrocephalus.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- The role of oral contraceptive use in associations of concussion history with kynurenine pathway metabolites, inflammation, and psychological symptoms in female athletes.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on the Gut Microbiome and Acoustic Startle Response in Male and Female Rats.Journal of neurotrauma · 2026Article
- Astrocytic SIRT1 ameliorates cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury via autophagy-mediated MEGF10 phagocytosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Serum evaluation of NFL correlates with histological identification of degenerating axons.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- A Review of the Potential Use of Antioxidants in Spinal Cord Injuries.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Enhancing Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury Through Neuroplasticity: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Hormonal contraceptives in adolescence impact the neuroimmune environment of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in female rats.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Modular molecular design of polymerized pro-estrogen materials enables controlled astrocyte response.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2025Article
- Optimization of Spinal Cord Perfusion Pressure for Improvement of Neurological Outcome in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Review
- Does mean arterial pressure augmentation improve neurological recovery of blunt spinal cord injuries: an EAST multicenter trial.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2025Article
- 20-Deoxyingenol Activates Mitophagy Through TFEB and Promotes Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Pregnancy ameliorates neuropathic pain through suppression of microglia and upregulation of the δ-opioid receptor in the anterior cingulate cortex in late-pregnant mice.Journal of anesthesia · 2024Article
- Investigating the Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms of Puerarin in Neurological Diseases.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing body of clinical and laboratory evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progesterone after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). In humans, women have been shown to have a lower incidence of morbidity and mortality after TBI compared with age-matched men. Similarly, numerous laboratory studies have demonstrated that estrogen and progesterone administration is associated with a mortality reduction, improvement in neurological outcomes, and a reduction in neuronal apoptosis after TBI and SCI. Here, we review the evidence that supports hormone-related neuroprotection and discuss possible underlying mechanisms. Estrogen and progesterone-mediated neuroprotection are thought to be related to their effects on hormone receptors, signaling systems, direct antioxidant effects, effects on astrocytes and microglia, modulation of the inflammatory response, effects on cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and effects on mediating glutamate excitotoxicity. Future laboratory research is needed to better determine the mechanisms underlying the hormones' neuroprotective effects, which will allow for more clinical studies. Furthermore, large randomized clinical control trials are needed to better assess their role in human neurodegenerative conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.