ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2016
Low serum vitamin D is associated with axial length and risk of myopia in young children.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between vitamin D level and cataract: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Pooled it
- Association between nutritional factors and myopia in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions to increase time spent outdoors for preventing incidence and progression of myopia in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Acta ophthalmologica · 2017Pooled it
- Prevalence of Myopia in Europe: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Article
- The Role of Vitamin D and Selected Nutrients in the Development of Myopia in Children and Young Adults: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Childhood myopia in the modern environment: modifiable risk factors and evidence-based prevention.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- The prevalence and demographic profile of myopia among school children in Beirut City, Lebanon.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Objective Biomarkers of Outdoor Activity (Vitamin D and CUVAF) in Young Adults with Myopia During and After the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Prevalence of myopia in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 14 countries.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Correlation between longitudinal serum vitamin D levels and myopia in children: a prospective birth cohort analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Factors associated with myopia in the Portuguese child population: An epidemiological study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Interdependence of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Myopia.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and myopia in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Translational pediatrics · 2024Article
- The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2024Review
- Nutritional intake, environmental factors, and their impact on myopia prevalence in Korean children aged 5-12 years.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Vitamin D levels and risk of ocular disorders: insights from bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Regional disparities in the prevalence and correlated factors of myopia in children and adolescents in Gansu, China.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and axial length (AL) and myopia in 6-year-old children. A total of 2666 children aged 6 years participating in the birth-cohort study Generation R underwent a stepwise eye examination. First, presenting visual acuity (VA) and AL were performed. Second, automated cycloplegic refraction was measured if LogMAR VA > 0.1. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was determined from blood using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D related SNPs were determined with a SNP array; outdoor exposure was assessed by questionnaire. The relationships between 25(OH)D and AL or myopia were investigated using linear and logistic regression analysis. Average 25(OH)D concentration was 68.8 nmol/L (SD ± 27.5; range 4-211); average AL 22.35 mm (SD ± 0.7; range 19.2-25.3); and prevalence of myopia 2.3 % (n = 62). After adjustment for covariates, 25(OH)D concentration (per 25 nmol/L) was inversely associated with AL (β -0.043; P < 0.01), and after additional adjusting for time spent outdoors (β -0.038; P < 0.01). Associations were not different between European and non-European children (β -0.037 and β -0.039 respectively). Risk of myopia (per 25 nmol/L) was OR 0.65 (95 % CI 0.46-0.92). None of the 25(OH)D related SNPs showed an association with AL or myopia. Lower 25(OH)D concentration in serum was associated with longer AL and a higher risk of myopia in these young children. This effect appeared independent of outdoor exposure and may suggest a more direct role for 25(OH)D in myopia pathogenesis.
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