ArticleImmunity2016
Complex Antigens Drive Permissive Clonal Selection in Germinal Centers.
Article in Immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 218 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
218 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 325 citations in OpenAlex.
- Controlling timing and location in vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Self-tolerance curtails the B cell repertoire to microbial epitopes.JCI insight · 2019Trial
- Subdominance and poor intrinsic immunogenicity limit humoral immunity targeting influenza HA stem.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Spatial confinement promotes germinal center diversity and tempers immunodominance.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Targeting T follicular helper cells for lifelong health.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Antibody-mediated recognition of chiral poly(2-oxazoline) nanorods driven by enantioselectivity.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Apoptotic Quality Control of Cellular Competence Limits Cryptic Germinal Center B Cell States.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Germinal Center Selection and Plasma Cell Differentiation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Counteracting Influenza Virus Evolution Through the Full Spectrum of Broadly Protective Antibodies.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Generation and MHC class II loading of an endogenous influenza epitope revealed by a T cell receptor-like antibody.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Autoreactive antibody production by intrarenal B cells in mouse kidney allograft rejection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Engineering B cells to express fully customizable antibodies with enhanced Fc functions.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Chronic infection perturbs the affinity hierarchy of antiviral B cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Local antibody feedback enforces a checkpoint on affinity maturation in the germinal center and promotes epitope spreading.Immunity · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Curbing Autoimmunity: A New Fab Fragment Targeting CD40-CD40L Halts B-Cell Activation and Differentiation.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Advances in Human and Animal Germinal Center Models In Vitro: New Approaches to Studying Immune Responses.BioMed research international · 2026Review
158 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells evolve toward increased affinity by a Darwinian process that has been studied primarily in genetically restricted, hapten-specific responses. We explored the population dynamics of genetically diverse GC responses to two complex antigens-Bacillus anthracis protective antigen and influenza hemagglutinin-in which B cells competed both intra- and interclonally for distinct epitopes. Preferred VH rearrangements among antigen-binding, naive B cells were similarly abundant in early GCs but, unlike responses to haptens, clonal diversity increased in GC B cells as early "winners" were replaced by rarer, high-affinity clones. Despite affinity maturation, inter- and intraclonal avidities varied greatly, and half of GC B cells did not bind the immunogen but nonetheless exhibited biased VH use, V(D)J mutation, and clonal expansion comparable to antigen-binding cells. GC reactions to complex antigens permit a range of specificities and affinities, with potential advantages for broad protection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.