ArticleEnvironmental research2016
Metal mixtures in urban and rural populations in the US: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Strong Heart Study.
Article in Environmental research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental Metals and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review Beyond Lead and Cadmium.Current environmental health reports · 2016Pooled it
- Stable isotopes from Earth science to bedside medicine: beyond tracers and toward mechanistic biomarkers in medical oncology.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- Metal and metal mixture biomarkers across three U.S. cohorts: MASALA, MESA-LA, and Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Environmental Exposures and Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in Vulnerable Youth: The Example of American Indian/Alaska Native Populations.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Review
- Sequential Mediation by Maternal Weight Gain and Late Blood Metal Concentration in the Association Between Heavy Metal Exposure in Early Pregnancy and Fetal Growth.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Air Pollution Levels in American Indian Communities in the Great Plains and Southwest: The Strong Heart Study.Atmospheric pollution research · 2026Article
- Isoscapes as a Regional-Scale Tool for Tracing Groundwater Uranium Cycling in the Northern Plains, United States.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of blood trace elements in Egyptian hemodialysis patients and their relatives in the same geographical area, is dialysis still guilty?BMC nephrology · 2025Article
- Comparison of Methods for Analyzing Environmental Mixtures Effects on Survival Outcomes.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Geographic and dietary differences of urinary uranium levels in the Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Uranium Exposure, Hypertension, and Blood Pressure in the Strong Heart Family Study.Preventing chronic disease · 2025Article
- Urinary Metal Levels, Cognitive Test Performance, and Dementia in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Urinary Uranium and Cardiac Geometry and Left Ventricular Function: The Strong Heart Study.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- An epigenome-wide study of selenium status and DNA methylation in the Strong Heart Study.Environment international · 2024Article
- Associations between metals and metabolomic profiles related to diabetes among adults in a rural region.Environmental research · 2024Article
- The Contribution of Declines in Blood Lead Levels to Reductions in Blood Pressure Levels: Longitudinal Evidence in the Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Review
- Urine antimony and risk of cardiovascular disease - A prospective case-cohort study in Danish Non-Smokers.Environment international · 2023Article
- Correlates of whole blood metal concentrations among reproductive-aged Black women.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNatural and anthropogenic sources of metal exposure differ for urban and rural residents. We searched to identify patterns of metal mixtures which could suggest common environmental sources and/or metabolic pathways of different urinary metals, and compared metal-mixtures in two population-based studies from urban/sub-urban and rural/town areas in the US: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Strong Heart Study (SHS).
methodsWe studied a random sample of 308 White, Black, Chinese-American, and Hispanic participants in MESA (2000-2002) and 277 American Indian participants in SHS (1998-2003). We used principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to evaluate nine urinary metals (antimony [Sb], arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], molybdenum [Mo], selenium [Se], tungsten [W], uranium [U] and zinc [Zn]). For arsenic, we used the sum of inorganic and methylated species (∑As).
resultsAll nine urinary metals were higher in SHS compared to MESA participants. PCA and CA revealed the same patterns in SHS, suggesting 4 distinct principal components (PC) or clusters (∑As-U-W, Pb-Sb, Cd-Zn, Mo-Se). In MESA, CA showed 2 large clusters (∑As-Mo-Sb-U-W, Cd-Pb-Se-Zn), while PCA showed 4 PCs (Sb-U-W, Pb-Se-Zn, Cd-Mo, ∑As). LDA indicated that ∑As, U, W, and Zn were the most discriminant variables distinguishing MESA and SHS participants.
conclusionsIn SHS, the ∑As-U-W cluster and PC might reflect groundwater contamination in rural areas, and the Cd-Zn cluster and PC could reflect common sources from meat products or metabolic interactions. Among the metals assayed, ∑As, U, W and Zn differed the most between MESA and SHS, possibly reflecting disproportionate exposure from drinking water and perhaps food in rural Native communities compared to urban communities around the US.
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