ArticleImmunity2016
Independent Roles of Switching and Hypermutation in the Development and Persistence of B Lymphocyte Memory.
Article in Immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modulation of DNA Damage by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).Viruses · 2026Review
- Plasma Cell Selection and Migration in the Establishment of Long-Lived Antibody Responses.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Distributed clonal deletion prevents autoimmune disease progression.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Competing gene regulatory networks drive naive and memory B cell differentiation.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- A temporal map of B cell diversification mechanisms in mice.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Distributed Clonal Deletion Prevents Autoimmune Disease Progression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The B-cell Receptor Blueprint in Lymphoma: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.Blood cancer discovery · 2026Review
- Article
- Distributed apoptotic checkpoints in B cell selection, tolerance, and autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- IgM and IgG1 B cell receptors differentially affect B cell fates and dictate the pathogenesis of mature B cell lymphomas.Science advances · 2025Article
- RIF1 integrates DNA repair and transcriptional requirements during the establishment of humoral immune responses.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Gastrointestinal germinal center B cell depletion and reduction in IgAScience immunology · 2024Article
- T cell independent antibody responses with class switch and memory using peptides anchored on liposomes.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Peripheral apoptosis and limited clonal deletion during physiologic murine B lymphocyte development.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Qualitative Immunoglobulin Deficiency Causes Bacterial Infections in Patients with STAT1 Gain-of-Function Mutations.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Origins and diversity of pan-isotype human bone marrow plasma cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Regulation of BCR-mediated CaScience immunology · 2024Article
- Memory B cells.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Combinatorial multimer staining and spectral flow cytometry facilitate quantification and characterization of polysaccharide-specific B cell immunity.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Infection pre-Ad26.COV2.S-vaccination primes greater class switching and reduced CXCR5 expression by SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) increase the affinity and diversify the effector functions of antibodies during immune responses. Although SHM and CSR are fundamentally different, their independent roles in regulating B cell fate have been difficult to uncouple because a single enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (encoded by Aicda), initiates both reactions. Here, we used a combination of Aicda and antibody mutant alleles that separate the effects of CSR and SHM on polyclonal immune responses. We found that class-switching to IgG1 biased the fate choice made by B cells, favoring the plasma cell over memory cell fate without significantly affecting clonal expansion in the germinal center (GC). In contrast, SHM reduced the longevity of memory B cells by creating polyreactive specificities that were selected against over time. Our data define the independent contributions of SHM and CSR to the generation and persistence of memory in the antibody system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.