ArticleInternational journal of cancer2016
Sex hormones and the risk of keratinocyte cancers among women in the United States: A population-based case-control study.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling the controversy: exploring the link between sex hormones and skin cancers through a meta-analysis and systematic review.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Pooled it
- Exogenous hormone therapy and non-melanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinoma) risk in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2023Pooled it
- Exogenous sex hormones, menstrual and reproductive history, and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer among women: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Association between thyroid disorders and extra-thyroidal cancers, a review.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2024Review
- Uncovering the complex relationship between balding, testosterone and skin cancers in men.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Skin cancer risk of menopausal hormone therapy in a Korean cohort.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Sex disparity in skin carcinogenesis and potential influence of sex hormones.Skin health and disease · 2021Review
- Review
- Prognostic factors for cats with squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum following high-dose rate brachytherapy.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2019Article
- Association Between Thyroid Disorders and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Adult Patients in Taiwan.JAMA network open · 2019Observational
- The relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and keratinocyte carcinoma: A review.International journal of women's dermatology · 2019Article
- Estrogen receptor subtype agonist activation in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells modulates expression of CD55 and Cyclin D1.EXCLI journal · 2019Article
- Ethinylestradiol and Levonorgestrel as Active Agents in Normal Skin, and Pathological Conditions Induced by UVB Exposure: In Vitro and In Ovo Assessments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
- Hormone treatment and UVB exposure influences on female mice regarding skin physiological parameters, biochemical parameters and organ histology.Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologieArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Men are at a higher risk of developing both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) than women, but there is emerging evidence that women may be experiencing greater increases in the incidence rates of these malignancies than men. One possible explanation is the expanding use of sex steroids among women, although only a few studies have examined this hypothesis. As part of a population-based, case-control study of women in New Hampshire, USA, we sought to evaluate the risk of SCC, BCC, and early-onset BCC in relation to exogenous and endogenous sex hormones. We found that oral contraceptive (OC) use was associated with an increased risk of SCC (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.8) and BCC (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-1.8), particularly high estrogen dose (>50 mg) OC use. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use also related to SCC, with an elevated OR largely for progestin use (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.8). Additionally, both OC use and combination HRT use were associated with more aggressive BCC subtypes. In contrast, menstrual and reproductive history did not appear to influence keratinocyte cancer risk in our data. Our findings provide evidence that use of sex steroids may enhance risk of keratinocyte cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.