Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26937245›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in zoology2016

Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence.

Hazel Byrne, Anthony B Rylands, Jeferson C Carneiro, Jessica W Lynch Alfaro, Fabricio Bertuol, Maria N F da Silva, Mariluce Messias, Colin P Groves, Russell A Mittermeier, Izeni Farias and 4 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in zoology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The As and Bs of titi monkey linguistics: why emotional communication is not the enemy.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026
    Review
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  4. Moving.American journal of primatology · 2025
    Article
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  9. Review
  10. Myrmecovory in Neotropical primates.Primates; journal of primatology · 2021
    Review
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  19. Ancient DNA of the extinct Jamaican monkeyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Hazel ByrneSchool of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Room 315, Peel Building, Salford, UK.
Anthony B RylandsConservation International, Arlington, VA USA.
Jeferson C CarneiroUniversidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Bragança, Pará Brazil.
Jessica W Lynch AlfaroDepartment of Anthropology, Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA.
Fabricio BertuolEvolution and Animal Genetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas Brazil.
Maria N F da SilvaColeções Zoológicas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas Brazil.
Mariluce MessiasUniversidade Federal de Rondonia, Porto Velho, Rondonia Brazil.
Colin P GrovesSchool of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Russell A MittermeierConservation International, Arlington, VA USA.
Izeni FariasEvolution and Animal Genetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas Brazil.
Tomas HrbekEvolution and Animal Genetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas Brazil.
Horacio SchneiderUniversidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Bragança, Pará Brazil.
Iracilda SampaioUniversidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança, Bragança, Pará Brazil.
Jean P BoubliSchool of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Room 315, Peel Building, Salford, UK ; Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTiti monkeys, Callicebus, comprise the most species-rich primate genus-34 species are currently recognised, five of them described since 2005. The lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times. To clarify their evolutionary history, we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species, including representatives from all recognised species groups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus.

resultsOur results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups-the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9-8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus.

conclusionsConsidering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups).

Indexed as

AmazonAtlantic forestCallicebinaeCallicebusCheracebusGenus-level taxonomyMolecular phylogeneticsPlatyrrhiniPlecturocebusTiti monkey

Identifiers

PMID26937245
PMCPMC4774130

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.