ReviewClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2016
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnostic Testing: 30 Years of Evolution.
Review in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 192 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1 Serological Responses and Their Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Understanding indeterminate HIV serology through antigen-band pattern analysis of INNO-LIA and recomLine HIV confirmatory assays.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Epidemiological yield and cost-effectiveness of non-targeted community HIV screening in a low-prevalence district: a prospective quasi-experimental study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Different approaches to HIV confirmation: a survey of three Italian regions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- When Acute Epstein-Barr Virus Mimics HIV: A Case of False-Positive p24 Antigen and Low-Level HIV Antibody Reactivity.Cureus · 2025Article
- Navigating false positive HIV test results: a case report.ASM case reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Innovative Diagnostic Approaches and Challenges in the Management of HIV: Bridging Basic Science and Clinical Practice.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Performance evaluation of a novel RapiSafe HIV Ag/Ab combi rapid test for the detection of HIV antigen and antibodies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case of Mistaken Identity in an Immunocompetent Healthy Male.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2025Article
- High sensitivity of HIV antibody screening tests may lead to longer time to diagnosis: a Case Report.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluation of a new human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody test using light-initiated chemiluminescent assay.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- HIV Self-Testing: A Discussion on the Benefits, Limitations, and Implications for Public Health with a Focus on Poland.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Fourth-Generation HIV Rapid Tests: Enhanced Sensitivity and Reduced Diagnostic Window for HIV-1 Primary Infection Screening.Journal of medical virology · 2024Article
- Innovation and implementation determinants of HIV testing and linkage-to-care in the U.S.: a systematic review.Implementation science communications · 2024Review
- Effects on molecular interactions of hollow gold nanoparticles and antibody for sensitizing P24 antigen determination.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a point-of-care rapid HIV antibody test with insights into acute HIV symptomatology in a population with low prevalence.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Development and evaluation of a high-sensitivity RT-PCR lateral flow assay for early detection of HIV-1 infection.Heliyon · 2024Article
- HIV Diagnostics and Vaccines: It Takes Two to Tango.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A concern during the early AIDS epidemic was the lack of a test to identify individuals who carried the virus. The first HIV antibody test, developed in 1985, was designed to screen blood products, not to diagnose AIDS. The first-generation assays detected IgG antibody and became positive 6 to 12 weeks postinfection. False-positive results occurred; thus, a two-test algorithm was developed using a Western blot or immunofluorescence test as a confirmatory procedure. The second-generation HIV test added recombinant antigens, and the third-generation HIV tests included IgM detection, reducing the test-negative window to approximately 3 weeks postinfection. Fourth- and fifth-generation HIV assays added p24 antigen detection to the screening assay, reducing the test-negative window to 11 to 14 days. A new algorithm addressed the fourth-generation assay's ability to detect both antibody and antigen and yet not differentiate between them. The fifth-generation HIV assay provides separate antigen and antibody results and will require yet another algorithm. HIV infection may now be detected approximately 2 weeks postexposure, with a reduced number of false-positive results.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.