ArticleCroatian medical journal2016
Zagreb Amblyopia Preschool Screening Study: near and distance visual acuity testing increase the diagnostic accuracy of screening for amblyopia.
Article in Croatian medical journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Causes of Reduced Vision in Australian Children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Comparison of the effectiveness of visual acuity measurements for amblyopia screening at the age of 36 and 45 months and difference in severity of amblyopia detected.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Article
- Unveiling Visual Acuity in 58,712 Four-Year-Olds: Standardized Assessment Defined Normative Visual Acuity Threshold.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of a Recertification Vision Screening Training Module for Preschool Teachers.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2023Article
- Macular perfusion normative data acquired with optical coherence tomography angiography in healthy four-year-old Caucasian children.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Article
- Comparison of the pediatric vision screening program in 18 countries across five continents.Journal of current ophthalmology · 2019Review
- Impact of Children's Postural Variation on Viewing Distance and Estimated Visual Acuity.Translational vision science & technology · 2019Article
- Article
- Childhood amblyopia: current management and new trends.British medical bulletin · 2016Review
- Amblyopia screening: a new screening protocol implemented in Croatia.Croatian medical journal · 2016Article
- Reply to Letter - Comparison of the Pediatric Vision Screening Program in 18 Countries across Five Continents.Journal of current ophthalmologyArticle
- Comment on the Article: Comparison of the Pediatric Vision Screening Program in 18 Countries Across Five Continents.Journal of current ophthalmologyArticle
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo present and evaluate a new screening protocol for amblyopia in preschool children.
methodsZagreb Amblyopia Preschool Screening (ZAPS) study protocol performed screening for amblyopia by near and distance visual acuity (VA) testing of 15 648 children aged 48-54 months attending kindergartens in the City of Zagreb County between September 2011 and June 2014 using Lea Symbols in lines test. If VA in either eye was >0.1 logMAR, the child was re-tested, if failed at re-test, the child was referred to comprehensive eye examination at the Eye Clinic.
results78.04% of children passed the screening test. Estimated prevalence of amblyopia was 8.08%. Testability, sensitivity, and specificity of the ZAPS study protocol were 99.19%, 100.00%, and 96.68% respectively.
conclusionThe ZAPS study used the most discriminative VA test with optotypes in line as they do not underestimate amblyopia. The estimated prevalence of amblyopia was considerably higher than reported elsewhere. To the best of our knowledge, the ZAPS study protocol reached the highest sensitivity and specificity when evaluating diagnostic accuracy of VA tests for screening. The pass level defined at ≤0.1 logMAR for 4-year-old children, using Lea Symbols in lines missed no amblyopia cases, advocating that both near and distance VA testing should be performed when screening for amblyopia.
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