Trial reportCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2016
Local delivery of CpG-B and GM-CSF induces concerted activation of effector and regulatory T cells in the human melanoma sentinel lymph node.
Trial report in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-based considerations in the choice for a TLR9 or TLR7/8 agonist to arm the sentinel lymph node in early-stage melanoma.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of systemic immune modulation in tumor development: Interactions across lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Intratumoral Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Nerves, nodes, and neoplasia.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- CD4Trends in cancer · 2024Review
- Review
- Lymph nodes: at the intersection of cancer treatment and progression.Trends in cell biology · 2023Review
- NK and cells with NK-like activities in cancer immunotherapy-clinical perspectives.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2022Review
- Association of the TGFβ gene family with microenvironmental features of gastric cancer and prediction of response to immunotherapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Metabolic reprogramming and crosstalk of cancer-related fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- NK Cell-Dependent Antibody-Mediated Immunotherapy Is Improved In Vitro and In Vivo When Combined with Agonists for Toll-like Receptor 2 in Head and Neck Cancer Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Direct and indirect immune effects of CMP-001, a virus-like particle containing a TLR9 agonist.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Article
- Immunotherapy Goes Local: The Central Role of Lymph Nodes in Driving Tumor Infiltration and Efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Breast cancer-induced immune suppression in the sentinel lymph node is effectively countered by CpG-B in conjunction with inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Article
- Are Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells Critical for Protective Antitumor Immunity and How?Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- [Study Progression on Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with EGFR Mutation Treated by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2018Review
- Synthetic immune niches for cancer immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2018Review
- [New Progress in the Relationship between Immune Cells, PD-1 in Tumor Microenvironment and the Efficacy of EGFR-TKIs].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2017Review
- Targeting C-type lectin receptors: a high-carbohydrate diet for dendritic cells to improve cancer vaccines.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2017Review
- Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Impaired immune effector functions in the melanoma sentinel lymph node (SLN) may allow for early metastatic events. In an effort to determine the optimal way to strengthen immune defenses, 28 clinical stage I-II melanoma patients were randomized in a 3-arm Phase II study to receive, prior to excision and sampling of the SLN, i.d. injections of saline or low-dose CpG-B (CpG), alone or combined with GM-CSF (GM), around the melanoma excision site. We previously described the combined administration of these DC-targeting agents to result in activation and recruitment of potentially cross-presenting BDCA3(+) DCs to the SLN. In this report we describe the effects on effector and regulatory T and NK cell subsets. Local low-dose CpG administration resulted in lower CD4/CD8 ratios, Th1 skewing, increased frequencies of melanoma-specific CD8(+) T cells and possible recruitment of effector NK cells, irrespective of GM co-administration. These immune-potentiating effects were counterbalanced by increased IL-10 production by T cells and significantly higher levels of FoxP3 and CTLA4 in regulatory T cells (Tregs) with correspondingly higher suppressive activity in the SLN. Notably, CpG ± GM-administered patients showed significantly lower numbers of SLN metastases (saline: 4/9, CpG + GM: 1/9, CpG: 0/10, p = 0.04). These findings indicate that i.d. delivery of low-dose CpG ± GM potentially arms the SLN of early-stage melanoma patients against metastatic spread, but that antitumor efficacy may be further boosted by counteracting the collateral activation of Tregs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.