ArticleOncotarget2016
Galectin signatures contribute to the heterogeneity of breast cancer and provide new prognostic information and therapeutic targets.
Article in Oncotarget, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- New insights on Galectin-9 expression in cancer prognosis: An updated systemic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- The expression of Galectin-3 in breast cancer and its association with metastatic disease: a systematic review of the literature.Molecular biology reports · 2021Pooled it
- Selective Nanobody-Derived Minibodies Targeting Galectin-1 and -7 Reveal Non-Redundant Glyco-Immune Functions and Therapeutic Potential in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics of urothelial carcinoma with basal/squamous differentiation identifies Galectin-7 as a specific marker of squamous lineage commitment.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Network-based allosteric analysis of galectin-7: Key residues dictate functional communication and stability.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- Plasma small-extracellular vesicles' proteomic signature in neoadjuvant chemotherapy-naïve breast cancer patients.PloS one · 2026Article
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Development and Use of a Galectin-1-Specific Nanobody for Tumor Imaging and Elucidating the Role of Galectin‑1 in Cancer.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Article
- Galectin-8 Immunohistochemical Profile in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Emerging Evidence for Its Prognostic Role.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Review
- Targeting intracellular galectins for cancer treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Functions and Inhibition of Galectin-7, an Emerging Target in Cellular Pathophysiology.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Article
- Review
- The complexity of tumour angiogenesis based on recently described molecules.Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland) · 2021Review
- Proteomics and its applications in breast cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Because of their ability to induce local immunosuppression and to confer cancer cells with resistance to apoptosis, members of the galectin family are emerging as a new class of actionable targets in cancer. Unfortunately, we have yet to obtain a clear picture of the galectin signatures in cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study was to provide the first detailed analysis of the galectin signature in molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Expression signatures of galectins were obtained at the mRNA and protein levels. A particular attention was paid to stromal versus epithelial staining and to subcellular compartmentalization. Analysis of the stromal signature showed that gal-1, -3, -9-positive stroma were preferentially found in triple-negative (TN) and HER2 subtypes. In cancer cells, gal-1, -3, -8, and -9 showed a dual expression pattern, being found either in the cytosol or in the cytosol and the nucleus. TN patients with gal-8-positive nuclei had significantly better disease-free survival (DFS), distant-disease-free survival (DDFS), and overall survival (OS). In contrast, high expression of nuclear gal-1 correlated with poor DDFS and OS. TNBC patients who were positive for both nuclear gal-1 and gal-8 had 5-year DFS and DDFS of 100%, suggesting a dominance of the gal-8 phenotype. Overall, the results indicate that specific galectin expression signatures contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. Our data also suggest that galectins have clinical utility as indicators of disease progression and therapeutic targets in aggressive molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.