Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26933388›Full record

ArticlePopulation health metrics2016

Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision.

Brian J Morris, Richard G Wamai, Esther B Henebeng, Aaron Ar Tobian, Jeffrey D Klausner, Joya Banerjee, Catherine A Hankins

Erratum issued Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Population health metrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT04174404 (Developing and Testing the Effectiveness of Intelligent Customer-driven Solution for Pediatric Surgery Care on the Improvement of Outcomes of Parents and Their Children Undergoing Circumcision), which is not on this map. Cited by 95 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
95citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
12.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04174404 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Developing and Testing the Effectiveness of Intelligent Customer-driven Solution for Pediatric Surgery Care on the Improvement of Outcomes of Parents and Their Children Undergoing Circumcision

TypeinterventionalSponsorHE Hong-GuRan2019 to 2020Enrolled160ConditionsCircumlocution, Children, Surgery, ParentsArmsICory-Circumcision, Routine care
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

95 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 244 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Trial
  9. Trial
  10. Trial
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.

Brian J MorrisSchool of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.
Richard G WamaiDepartment of African-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
Esther B HenebengCollege of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
Aaron Ar TobianDepartment of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
Jeffrey D KlausnerDivision of Infectious Diseases and Program in Global Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
Joya BanerjeeJhpiego, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC 20009 USA.
Catherine A HankinsDepartment of Global Health, Academic Medical Centre and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands ; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK.
Northeastern University · USJohns Hopkins Medicine · USJohns Hopkins University · USUniversity of Amsterdam · NLUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of Sydney · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMale circumcision (MC) status and genital infection risk are interlinked and MC is now part of HIV prevention programs worldwide. Current MC prevalence is not known for all countries globally. Our aim was to provide estimates for country-specific and global MC prevalence.

methodsMC prevalence data were obtained by searches in PubMed, Demographic and Health Surveys, AIDS Indicator Surveys, and Behavioural Surveillance Surveys. Male age was ≥15 years in most surveys. Where no data were available, the population proportion whose religious faith or culture requires MC was used. The total number of circumcised males in each country and territory was calculated using figures for total males from (i) 2015 US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) data for sex ratio and total population in all 237 countries and territories globally and (ii) 2015 United Nations (UN) figures for males aged 15-64 years.

resultsThe estimated percentage of circumcised males in each country and territory varies considerably. Based on (i) and (ii) above, global MC prevalence was 38.7 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 33.4, 43.9) and 36.7 % (95 % CI: 31.4, 42.0). Approximately half of circumcisions were for religious and cultural reasons. For countries lacking data we assumed 99.9 % of Muslims and Jews were circumcised. If actual prevalence in religious groups was lower, then MC prevalence in those countries would be lower. On the other hand, we assumed a minimum prevalence of 0.1 % related to MC for medical reasons. This may be too low, thereby underestimating MC prevalence in some countries.

conclusionsThe present study provides the most accurate estimate to date of MC prevalence in each country and territory in the world. We estimate that 37-39 % of men globally are circumcised. Considering the health benefits of MC, these data may help guide efforts aimed at the use of voluntary, safe medical MC in disease prevention programs in various countries.

Indexed as

Country-specific prevalenceGlobal prevalenceMale circumcisionPopulation health

Identifiers

PMID26933388
PMCPMC4772313
OpenAlexW2293341692

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.