Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26933139›Full record

ArticleAssessment2016

A Primer on Observational Measurement.

Jeffrey M Girard, Jeffrey F Cohn

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Assessment, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Brokering peace in the ape (culture) wars.Evolutionary human sciences · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Automated Quantification of Eye Tics Using Computer Vision and Deep Learning Techniques.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Observational
  12. Article
  13. Direct Observation of COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors and Physical Activity in Public Open Spaces.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Jeffrey M Girard1 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Jeffrey F Cohn1 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Funding

Automatic Multimodal Affect Detection for Research and Clinical Use R01MH096951 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI COHN, JEFFREY F · 2012 to 2021
$5.6M
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH096951
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Observational measurement plays an integral role in a variety of scientific endeavors within biology, psychology, sociology, education, medicine, and marketing. The current article provides an interdisciplinary primer on observational measurement; in particular, it highlights recent advances in observational methodology and the challenges that accompany such growth. First, we detail the various types of instrument that can be used to standardize measurements across observers. Second, we argue for the importance of validity in observational measurement and provide several approaches to validation based on contemporary validity theory. Third, we outline the challenges currently faced by observational researchers pertaining to measurement drift, observer reactivity, reliability analysis, and time/expense. Fourth, we describe recent advances in computer-assisted measurement, fully automated measurement, and statistical data analysis. Finally, we identify several key directions for future observational research to explore.

Indexed as

Observational Studies as TopicAutomationComputersForecastingHumansObserver VariationReproducibility of ResultsStatistics as Topicaffective computingcomputational behavioral sciencecontemporary validity theoryinterobserver reliabilityobservational measurement

Identifiers

PMID26933139
PMCPMC5426358

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.