ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2016
The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP): Clinical, Diagnostic, and Epidemiological Methodologies.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07416461 (Effectiveness of Malaria Vaccines in Reducing the Risk of Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effectiveness of Malaria Vaccines in Reducing the Risk of Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Disease (VINS)
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Drug-resistant enteric fever worldwide, 1990 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Risk Factors and Case Fatality Rates of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Disease in Africa (1966 to 2014).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Pooled it
- Epidemiologic trends, diagnostic limitations, and public health challenges of enteric fever in sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review.IJID regions · 2026Review
- Article
- Two-stage cluster sampling to assess SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence without pre-enumeration: An example from Madagascar.PloS one · 2025Observational
- Diagnostic performance of Typhidot RDT in diagnosis of typhoid fever and antibiotic resistance characterisation in a cross-sectional study in Southern Ghana.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Diarrhea Case Surveillance in the Enterics for Global HealthOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Mapping the incidence rate of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- A toolkit for planning and implementing acute febrile illness (AFI) surveillance.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Dynamic Incidence of Typhoid Fever over a 10-Year Period (2010-2019) in Kibera, an Urban Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Unlocking the Potential of Genomic Data to Inform Typhoid Fever Control Policy: Supportive Resources for Genomic Data Generation, Analysis, and Visualization.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Detection of Salmonella Typhi nucleic acid by RT-PCR and anti-HlyE, -CdtB, -PilL, and -Vi IgM by ELISA at sites in Ghana, Madagascar and Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Molecular Evidence for Flea-Borne Rickettsiosis in Febrile Patients from Madagascar.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Detection of Pathogens of Acute Febrile Illness Using Polymerase Chain Reaction from Dried Blood Spots.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Pathogens That Cause Acute Febrile Illness Among Children and Adolescents in Burkina Faso, Madagascar, and Sudan.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- The genomic epidemiology of multi-drug resistant invasive non-typhoidalBMJ global health · 2021Article
- The African Network for Improved Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Management of common infectious Agents.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Geographical distribution of risk factors for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella at the subnational boundary level in sub-Saharan Africa.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-DT conjugate vaccine among 6-23-month-old children: Phase II, randomized, dose-scheduling, observer-blind Study.EClinicalMedicine · 2020Article
- Prevalence of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in the Hohoe Municipality of the Volta Region, Ghana: A Five-Year Retrospective Trend Analysis.Annals of global health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
32 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNew immunization programs are dependent on data from surveillance networks and disease burden estimates to prioritize target areas and risk groups. Data regarding invasive Salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa are currently limited, thus hindering the implementation of preventive measures. The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) was established by the International Vaccine Institute to obtain comparable incidence data on typhoid fever and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa through standardized surveillance in multiple countries.
methodsStandardized procedures were developed and deployed across sites for study site selection, patient enrolment, laboratory procedures, quality control and quality assurance, assessment of healthcare utilization and incidence calculations.
resultsPassive surveillance for bloodstream infections among febrile patients was initiated at thirteen sentinel sites in ten countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania). Each TSAP site conducted case detection using these standardized methods to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria from the bloodstream of febrile patients. Healthcare utilization surveys were conducted to adjust population denominators in incidence calculations for differing healthcare utilization patterns and improve comparability of incidence rates across sites.
conclusionsBy providing standardized data on the incidence of typhoid fever and iNTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa, TSAP will provide vital input for targeted typhoid fever prevention programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.