ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2016
The Relationship Between Distance to Water Source and Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya, 2008-2011.
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Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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18citing papers in PubMed
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18 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Categorization of household drinking water and sanitation service levels and associated determinants in Uganda.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The linkages between water supply, sanitation and hygiene and small-scale irrigation: insights from rural Ethiopia.Journal of water and health · 2025Article
- Reproductive health challenges in coastal Bangladesh: a silent threat of water salinity.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Domestic Animals, Environmental and Behavioral Factors, and Under-Five Diarrhea in Sidama Region, Ethiopia: A Matched Case-Control Study.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- Temperature and precipitation affect the water fetching time burden in Sub-Saharan Africa.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Women's experiences collecting and accessing water in Guatemala, Honduras, Kenya, and Zimbabwe: A mixed-methods investigation.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Demographic dynamics of waterborne disease and perceived associated WASH factors in Bushenyi and Sheema districts of South-Western Uganda.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2023Article
- Survey-Based Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Animal-Associated Risk Factors for Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study: The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya, 2015-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Factors that influence safe water drinking practices among older persons in slums of Kampala: Analyzing disparities in boiling water.PloS one · 2023Article
- Diarrhoea among Children Aged under Five Years and Risk Factors in Informal Settlements: A Cross-Sectional Study in Cape Town, South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The interrelationship between water access, exclusive breastfeeding and diarrhea in children: a cross-sectional assessment across 19 African countries.Journal of global health · 2021Article
- Childhood Malnutrition and the Association with Diarrhea, Water supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Kersa and Omo Nada Districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.Environmental health insights · 2021Article
- Assessing the Impacts of Relative Wealth and Geospatial Factors on Water Access in Rural Nepal: A Community Case Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Measuring the resilience of health systems in low- and middle-income countries: a focus on community resilience.Health research policy and systems · 2020Review
- Article
- Spatial Video Health Risk Mapping in Informal Settlements: Correcting GPS Error.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Comparison of methods to estimate water access: a pilot study of a GPS-based approach in low resource settings.International journal of health geographics · 2016Article
- An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub-Saharan African Countries.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Benjamin L NygrenNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya bnygren@cdc.gov.
Ciara E O'ReillyNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Anangu RajasinghamNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Richard OmoreNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Maurice OmbokNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Alex O AwuorNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Peter JaronNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Fenny MokeNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
John VululeNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Kayla LasersonNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tamer H FaragNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Dilruba NasrinNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
James P NataroNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Karen L KotloffNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Myron M LevineNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Gordana DeradoNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tracy L AyersNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
R Ryan LashNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Robert F BreimanNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
Eric D MintzNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
University of Maryland, Baltimore · US
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the developing world, fetching water for drinking and other household uses is a substantial burden that affects water quantity and quality in the household. We used logistic regression to examine whether reported household water fetching times were a risk factor for moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) using case-control data of 3,359 households from the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya in 2009-2011. We collected additional global positioning system (GPS) data for a subset of 254 randomly selected households and compared GPS-based straight line and actual travel path distances to fetching times reported by respondents. GPS-based data were highly correlated with respondent-provided times (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.81, P < 0.0001). The median estimated one-way distance to water source was 200 m for cases and 171 for controls (Wilcoxon rank sums/Mann-Whitney P = 0.21). A round-trip fetching time of > 30 minutes was reported by 25% of cases versus 15% of controls and was significantly associated with MSD where rainwater was not used in the last 2 weeks (odds ratio = 1.97, 95% confidence interval = 1.56-2.49). These data support the United Nations definition of access to an improved water source being within 30 minutes total round-trip travel time.
Indexed as
TravelWater SupplyCase-Control StudiesDeveloping CountriesDiarrheaEnteritisGeographic Information SystemsHumansKenyaTime Factors
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