ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2016
Beyond antigens and adjuvants: formulating future vaccines.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 198 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
198 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Controlling timing and location in vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Bacterial mRNA Vaccines: Programming Immunity Against Antimicrobial Resistance.Drug development research · 2026Review
- Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) Assay for Quantitative Determination of Recombinant SOD Protein in a Brucellosis Vaccine Candidate: Method Development and Validation.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Engineering in Modern Vaccinology: From Delivery Platforms to Immune-Programming Architectures.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fluorinated carbohydrate-based vaccines.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Nanoadjuvant-integrated organic biomaterials for immune engineering: Mechanisms, design strategies, and translational applications.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Endogenous living adjuvants for cancer vaccination: Concepts, mechanisms, and design principles.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Enabling global access to potent subunit vaccines with a simple and scalable injectable hydrogel platform.Biomaterials science · 2026Article
- Tea saponin-soybean oil submicron emulsion promotes durable protective immunity againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Engineering Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Nanoweapons to Fight against Bacterial Infections.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Condensate nanovaccine adjuvants augment CD8Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Article
- Lipid A mimetic BECC438 potentiates durable and balanced antibody responses in an ovalbumin murine model of vaccination.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Combined cancer immunotherapy with lipid nanoparticle delivery of oligo-based cGAS-agonistic adjuvant and peptide or mRNA vaccines.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Revolutionizing Veterinary Medicine: The Role of Nanoparticles in Advancing Animal Health, Nutrition and Disease Management.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Review
- Novel adjuvant delivery system constructed by alum-emulsion hybrid nanoparticles with TLR9 agonists boosts vaccine immunity.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- One-Pot Expression and Assembly of Resurfaced Zika Virus E Domain III Nanoparticle Immunogens in Mammalian Cells.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Use of Metallic Nanoparticles Against Eimeria-the Coccidiosis-Causing Agents: A Comprehensive Review.Biological trace element research · 2025Review
- A Multiepitope Nanovaccine Candidate Adjuvanted with Porcine Ferritin Scaffold for African Swine Fever Virus.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Synthetic Polymers for Drug, Gene, and Vaccine Delivery.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
138 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The need to optimize vaccine potency while minimizing toxicity in healthy recipients has motivated studies of the formulation of vaccines to control how, when, and where antigens and adjuvants encounter immune cells and other cells/tissues following administration. An effective subunit vaccine must traffic to lymph nodes (LNs), activate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and persist for a sufficient time to promote a mature immune response. Here, we review approaches to tailor these three aspects of vaccine function through optimized formulations. Traditional vaccine adjuvants activate innate immune cells, promote cell-mediated transport of antigen to lymphoid tissues, and promote antigen retention in LNs. Recent studies using nanoparticles and other lymphatic-targeting strategies suggest that direct targeting of antigens and adjuvant compounds to LNs can also enhance vaccine potency without sacrificing safety. The use of formulations to regulate biodistribution and promote antigen and inflammatory cue co-uptake in immune cells may be important for next-generation molecular adjuvants. Finally, strategies to program vaccine kinetics through novel formulation and delivery strategies provide another means to enhance immune responses independent of the choice of adjuvant. These technologies offer the prospect of enhanced efficacy while maintaining high safety profiles necessary for successful vaccines.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.