ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2016
Risk Assessment of Fluoride Intake from Tea in the Republic of Ireland and its Implications for Public Health and Water Fluoridation.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Relationships between Toenail, Urinary, and Drinking-water Fluoride Concentrations in a Pregnancy Cohort using Private Water Systems in the United States.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Condom Use Among HIV-Positive Adolescents in Eastern Uganda.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Fluoride intake during pregnancy: calculation of realistic exposure scenarios for individual risk assessment.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Prenatal fluoride exposure and autistic behaviors in preschool-aged children: the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Assessment of Fluoride Intake Risk via Infusions of Commercial Leaf Teas Available in Poland Using the Target Hazard Quotient Index Approach.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Fluoride Content in Infusions of Selected Teas Available on the Polish Market-An In Vitro Study.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Fluoride: Toxicity, Mechanism and Role of Bioremediation in Detoxification.Current microbiology · 2025Review
- How the public's knowledge, attitudes, and practice intersect with scientific evidence about fluoride.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2025Article
- Doses of fluoride toothpaste for children up to 24 months.BDJ open · 2024Article
- Prenatal fluoride exposure, offspring visual acuity and autonomic nervous system function in 6-month-old infants.Environment international · 2024Article
- Fluoride and Aluminium in Tea (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Determination of fluoride content in teas and herbal products popular in Poland.Journal of environmental health science & engineering · 2022Article
- Assessing Fluorosis Incidence in Areas with Low Fluoride Content in the Drinking Water, Fluorotic Enamel Architecture, and Composition Alterations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Public-health risks from tea drinking: Fluoride exposure.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Brick tea consumption and its relationship with fluorosis in Tibetan areas.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- The cognitive impairment and risk factors of the older people living in high fluorosis areas: DKK1 need attention.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Dietary fluoride intake during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in toddlers: A prospective study in the progress cohort.Neurotoxicology · 2021Article
- Urinary Fluoride Levels among Canadians with and without Community Water Fluoridation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine.Chemical reviews · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Republic of Ireland (RoI) is the only European Country with a mandatory national legislation requiring artificial fluoridation of drinking water and has the highest per capita consumption of black tea in the world. Tea is a hyperaccumulator of fluoride and chronic fluoride intake is associated with multiple negative health outcomes. In this study, fifty four brands of the commercially available black tea bag products were purchased and the fluoride level in tea infusions tested by an ion-selective electrode method. The fluoride content in all brands tested ranged from 1.6 to 6.1 mg/L, with a mean value of 3.3 mg/L. According to our risk assessment it is evident that the general population in the RoI is at a high risk of chronic fluoride exposure and associated adverse health effects based on established reference values. We conclude that the culture of habitual tea drinking in the RoI indicates that the total cumulative dietary fluoride intake in the general population could readily exceed the levels known to cause chronic fluoride intoxication. Evidence suggests that excessive fluoride intake may be contributing to a wide range of adverse health effects. Therefore from a public health perspective, it would seem prudent and sensible that risk reduction measures be implemented to reduce the total body burden of fluoride in the population.
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Registered trials
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