ArticleThe Journal of urology2016
Canalization of the Vestibular Plate in the Absence of Urethral Fusion Characterizes Development of the Human Clitoris: The Single Zipper Hypothesis.
Article in The Journal of urology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- The development of the external genitals in female human embryos and foetuses. Part 1: Perineal thick skin, clitoris and labia.Journal of anatomy · 2025Article
- The development of the external genitals in female human embryos and foetuses. Part 2: Vaginal vestibule, anal canal, perineal raphe and perineal cutaneous muscles.Journal of anatomy · 2025Article
- SOX9 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transformation by mediating the Wnt/Pediatric discovery · 2024Article
- Neurovascular anatomy of the developing human fetal penis and clitoris.Journal of anatomy · 2024Article
- Urogenital sinus malformation: From development to management.Intractable & rare diseases research · 2023Review
- Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of the perineum: Typical or rare location?IJU case reports · 2022Article
- Prenatal low-dose methyltestosterone, but not dihydrotestosterone, treatment induces penile formation in female mice and guinea pigs†.Biology of reproduction · 2020Article
- Etiology of Hypospadias: A Comparative Review of Genetic Factors and Developmental Processes Between Human and Animal Models.Research and reports in urology · 2020Review
- Differential cell proliferation and cell death during the urethral groove formation in guinea pig model.Pediatric research · 2019Article
- Alternative (backdoor) androgen production and masculinization in the human fetus.PLoS biology · 2019Article
- Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Estrogens and development of the mouse and human external genitalia.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Androgen and estrogen receptor expression in the developing human penis and clitoris.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Renal Subcapsular xenografing of human fetal external genital tissue - A new model for investigating urethral development.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Human glans and preputial development.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Macroscopic whole-mounts of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Development of the human penis and clitoris.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Three-dimensional imaging of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- The embryology of persistent cloaca and urogenital sinus malformations.Asian journal of andrologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWe characterized the early gestation development of the female external genitalia using optical projection tomography to visualize anatomical structures at high resolution. MATERIALS AND
methodsFirst and early second trimester human female fetal external genitalia were collected with consent after voluntary termination. Specimens labeled with anti-E-Cadherin antibody underwent analysis with optical projection tomography. Histological sections were immunostained for androgen receptor, 5α-reductase, Ki67 for proliferation and Caspase 3 for apoptosis.
resultsThree-dimensional reconstructions demonstrated proximal to distal canalization of the epithelial vestibular plate and formation of a vestibular groove, which remained open. Ki67 was observed throughout with greatest density in the dorsal vestibular plate at the level of the opening groove. Staining for Caspase 3 was minimal in all sections. Androgen receptor staining was seen throughout the mesenchyme and in the apical epithelium of the dorsal vestibular groove. Throughout the epithelium and epidermis 5α-reductase staining was observed.
conclusionsEarly development of the external genitalia in the female is analogous to that in the male, demonstrating a similar opening zipper driving canalization of the vestibular plate with localized epithelial proliferation in the absence of significant apoptosis. Thus we hypothesize that the mechanism underlying the opening zipper must be androgen independent and the absence of androgen driven urethral fusion characterizes the normal development of the human clitoris.
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Registered trials
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