ArticleThe Clinical neuropsychologist2016
Psychometric properties and normative data for the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) in high school and collegiate athletes.
Article in The Clinical neuropsychologist, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Normative Data Estimation in Neuropsychological Tests: A Systematic Review.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2024Pooled it
- Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.British journal of sports medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Impact of Early Activity and Behavioral Management on Acute Concussion Recovery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Implementation of active injury management (AIM) in youth with acute concussion: A randomized controlled trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2022Trial
- Effect of Obese Body Mass Index on Clinical Outcomes and Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers following Sport-Related Concussion in Collegiate Athletes and Military Cadets: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- The effects of psychological functioning on substance use and treatment outcomes among people with HIV.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Isolation, social support, and COVID-19-burnout among college students in a university in eastern China.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- The Brief Symptom Inventory in the Swiss general population: Presentation of norm scores and predictors of psychological distress.PloS one · 2024Article
- Clinical Commentary: Depression and Anxiety in Adolescent and Young Adult Athletes.Journal of athletic training · 2023Article
- Psychological Factors as Risk Contributors for Poor Hip Function after Periacetabular Osteotomy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Unaccompanied foreign minors and mental health: Implementation and evaluation of the RHS-15 screening procedure for unaccompanied foreign minors.Journal of migration and health · 2023Article
- Mental health symptom changes in pregnant individuals across the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective longitudinal study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Effects of Pre-Collegiate Sport Specialization on Cognitive, Postural, and Psychological Functions: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Profile of informal rural Appalachian caregivers of patients with chronic illnesses.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2022Article
- MEG-Derived Symptom-Sensitive Biomarkers with Long-Term Test-Retest Reliability.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Patterns of health behaviors affecting mental health in collegiate athletes.Journal of American college health : J of ACH · 2021Article
- Association of Previous Concussion with Hippocampal Volume and Symptoms in Collegiate-Aged Athletes.Journal of neurotrauma · 2021Article
- The relation between neck strength and psychological distress: preliminary evidence from collegiate soccer athletes.Concussion (London, England) · 2021Article
- Symptom-Dependent Changes in MEG-Derived Neuroelectric Brain Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with Chronic Symptoms.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Personality to Prescription Drug Misuse in Adolescents: Testing Affect Regulation, Psychological Dysregulation, and Deviance Proneness Pathways.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAssessment of emotional functioning is important in sport-related concussion (SRC) management, although few standardized measures have been validated in this population, and appropriate normative data are lacking. We investigated the psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) in high school and collegiate athletes at risk of SRC and compiled normative data.
methodAthletes (n = 2,031) completed the BSI-18 and other measures of concussion symptoms, cognition, and psychological functioning. A subset of healthy individuals was re-evaluated at approximately 7, 30, 45, and 165 days. Psychometric analyses of test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, and concurrent validity were performed. Given significant differences between sexes and education levels (high school or college student) on the BSI-18 Global Severity Index and all subscales, normative conversion tables were produced after stratifying by these variables.
resultsThe BSI-18 showed good internal consistency, fair to poor test-retest reliability, and good convergent validity with other measures of emotional functioning.
conclusionsThese data indicate that the BSI-18 may be a valuable measure of emotional state in concussed athletes and may provide unique information beyond post-concussive symptoms for research on the role of psychological factors in SRC recovery. The limited divergent validity of the BSI-18 depression and anxiety scales implies that they tap into general distress more so than specific mood or anxiety symptoms; therefore, BSI-18 scores should be not relied upon for differential diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders. Normative data provided can be readily applied to clinical cases with high school and collegiate athletes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.