ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2016
Environmental Contamination in Households of Patients with Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile contamination in healthcare and non-healthcare environments: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2026Pooled it
- Risks and Preventive Strategies for Clostridioides difficile Transmission to Household or Community Contacts during Transition in Healthcare Settings.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Infrequent intrahousehold transmission of Clostridioides difficile between pet owners and their pets.Zoonoses and public health · 2023Article
- Molecular epidemiology ofFrontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Gut microbiome, enteric infections and child growth across a rural-urban gradient: protocol for the ECoMiD prospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Genomic Determination of Relative Risks for Clostridioides difficile Infection From Asymptomatic Carriage in Intensive Care Unit Patients.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridioides difficile: mechanisms and pharmacology.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2021Review
- High Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in Home Gardens in Western Australia.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2020Article
- Association of Household Exposure to Primary Clostridioides difficile Infection With Secondary Infection in Family Members.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Article
- Hospital Infection Control:Clinics in colon and rectal surgery · 2020Review
- Prevalence, Colonization, Epidemiology, and Public Health Significance ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2020Review
- Self-disinfecting surfaces and infection control.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2019Review
- Risk factors for community-associated Clostridioides difficile infection in young children.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- Genomic Delineation of Zoonotic Origins ofFrontiers in public health · 2019Review
- Understanding Clostridium difficile Colonization.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2018Review
- The zoonotic potential of Clostridium difficile from small companion animals and their owners.PloS one · 2018Article
- Successful Resolution of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection using Freeze-Dried, Encapsulated Fecal Microbiota; Pragmatic Cohort Study.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2017Observational
- Gut-sparing treatment of urinary tract infection in patients at high risk of Clostridium difficile infection.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2017Article
- Community Environmental Contamination of ToxigenicOpen forum infectious diseases · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (R-CDI) is common and difficult to treat, potentially necessitating fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Although C. difficilespores persist in the hospital environment and cause infection, little is known about their potential presence or importance in the household environment. Households of R-CDI subjects in the peri-FMT period and of geographically matched and age-matched controls were analyzed for the presence ofC. difficile Household environmental surfaces and fecal samples from humans and pets in the household were examined. Households of post-FMT subjects were also examined (environmental surfaces only). Participants were surveyed regarding their personal history and household cleaning habits. Species identity and molecular characteristics of presumptive C. difficile isolates from environmental and fecal samples were determined by using the Pro kit (Remel, USA), Gram staining, PCR, toxinotyping, tcdC gene sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Environmental cultures detected C. difficile on ≥1 surface in 8/8 (100%) peri-FMT households, versus 3/8 (38%) post-FMT households and 3/8 (38%) control households (P= 0.025). The most common C. difficile-positive sites were the vacuum (11/27; 41%), toilet (8/30; 27%), and bathroom sink (5/29; 17%).C. difficile was detected in 3/36 (8%) fecal samples (two R-CDI subjects and one household member). Nine (90%) of 10 households with multiple C. difficile-positive samples had a single genotype present each. In conclusion,C. difficile was found in the household environment of R-CDI patients, but whether it was found as a cause or consequence of R-CDI is unknown. If household contamination leads to R-CDI, effective decontamination may be protective.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.