ArticleVaccine2016
Influenza vaccine effectiveness by test-negative design - Comparison of inpatient and outpatient settings.
Article in Vaccine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Brand-specific estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness for the 2021-2022 season in Europe: results from the DRIVE multi-stakeholder study platform.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- The impact of repeated vaccination on influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness With the Test-Negative Design Using Alternative Control Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Pooled it
- Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing severe influenza illness among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies.The Journal of infection · 2017Pooled it
- The impact of repeated vaccination on influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatients Illness, United States, 2023-2024 Season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of the 2023 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Vaccine Against Outpatient Influenza-Like Illness: A Multi-Country Test-Negative Design Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Emergency Department, Urgent Care, and Hospitalization Encounters Among US Adults, 2022-2023.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness.Journal of the American Statistical Association · 2024Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Cases and Hospitalizations in Navarre, Spain, 2022-2023.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness.ArXiv · 2023Article
- A literature review of severity scores for adults with influenza or community-acquired pneumonia - implications for influenza vaccines and therapeutics.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Review
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Inpatient and Outpatient Settings in the United States, 2015-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Young Children Receiving Consecutive Versus Nonconsecutive Vaccination During Influenza A(H3N2)-Predominant Seasons.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Observational
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2021Review
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- Article
- Effects of Influenza Vaccination in the United States During the 2018-2019 Influenza Season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Influenza in temperate and tropical Asia: a review of epidemiology and vaccinology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Review
- Projected Population Benefit of Increased Effectiveness and Coverage of Influenza Vaccination on Influenza Burden in the United States.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundObservational studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) are increasingly using the test-negative design. Studies are typically based in outpatient or inpatient settings, but these two approaches are rarely compared directly. The aim of our study was to assess whether influenza VE estimates differ between inpatient and outpatient settings.
methodsWe searched the literature from Medline, PubMed and Web of Science using a combination of keywords to identify published studies of influenza VE using the test-negative design. Studies assessing any type of influenza vaccine among any population in any setting were considered, while interim studies or re-analyses were excluded. Retrieved articles were reviewed, screened and categorized based on study setting, location and influenza season. We searched for parallel studies in inpatient and outpatient settings that were done in the same influenza season, in the same location, and in the same or similar age groups. For each of the pairs identified, we estimated the difference in VE estimates between settings, and we tested whether the average difference was significant using a paired t-test.
resultsIn total 25 pairs of estimates were identified that permitted comparisons between VE estimates in inpatient and outpatient study settings. Within pairs, the prevalence of influenza was generally higher among patients enrolled in the outpatient studies, while influenza vaccination coverage among the test-negative control groups was generally higher in the inpatient studies. There was no heterogeneity in the paired differences in VE, and the pooled difference in VE between inpatient and outpatient studies was -2% (95% confidence interval: -12%, 10%).
conclusionsWe found no differences in VE estimates between inpatient and outpatient settings by studies using the test-negative design. Further research involving direct comparisons of VE estimates from the two settings in the same populations and years would be valuable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.