ArticleGastroenterology2016
Association Between Long-term Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Crohn's Disease Complications in a Nationwide Study.
Article in Gastroenterology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Contraceptive use among women with inflammatory bowel disease: An updated systematic review.Contraception · 2025Pooled it
- Sex-related differences in profiles and clinical outcomes of Inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of sex and socioeconomic status on the likelihood of surgery, hospitalization, and use of medications in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: a critical review.International journal of colorectal disease · 2019Pooled it
- Inhibition of estrogen receptor alpha stabilizes regulatory T cell function in autoimmune hepatitis.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- Estrogen receptors and the NRF2 pathway: bridging hormonal regulation and stress response in the gut.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Women From Puberty to Menopause.Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Article
- Trends and disparities in inflammatory bowel disease and cardiovascular disease-related mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2023: A CDC WONDER analysis.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2025Article
- The disease course in microscopic colitis may be influenced by hormonal factors.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Association between the number of pregnancies and hearing loss: NHANES 1999-2018.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Sex hormone deprivation abolishes sex-specific differences in murine colon inflammation and related lipid mediator production.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2024Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with IBD in Shanghai, China.International journal of general medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Drug Repurposing in Crohn's Disease Using Danish Real-World Data.Pragmatic and observational research · 2024Article
- Sex- and gender-related differences in inflammatory bowel diseases.Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Use of contraceptives and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2022Article
- Manipulation of Gut Microbiota as a Key Target for Crohn's Disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Features and Treatment of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease in China.Journal of inflammation research · 2022Article
- Sex-specific comparison of clinical characteristics and prognosis in Crohn's disease: A retrospective cohort study of 611 patients in China.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsUse of exogenous hormones, in the form of oral contraceptives (OCs), has been linked consistently to risk of Crohn's disease (CD). Nonetheless, it is not clear how OCs might contribute to the progression of CD.
methodsWe conducted a prospective study of female patients with CD (age, 16-51 y), identified from the inpatient and outpatient care components of the Swedish National Patient Register from January 2002 through December 2013. Information on current OC use was obtained from the Prescribed Drug Register starting in July of 2005 and updated until December of 2013. Primary outcomes were defined as first CD-related surgery and first steroid prescription. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling with time-varying covariates to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (MV-adjusted HRs).
resultsWe identified 482 incident cases of surgery among 4036 patients with CD, with a median follow-up period of 58 months. Compared with nonusers, the MV-adjusted HRs for surgery were 1.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80-1.63) for past users and 1.30 (95% CI, 0.89-1.92) for current users. The risk of surgery increased with longer duration of use (Ptrend = .036) and higher prescribed daily dose (Ptrend = .016). Specifically, for women with more than 3 years of OC use, the MV-adjusted HR for surgery was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.06-2.67). The association was confined to the combination type of OC. We estimated that for every 83 patients with CD receiving the combination type of oral contraceptives for at least 1 year, 1 extra surgery is required. The rate of steroid prescriptions did not appear to increase with past or current use of OCs, compared with patients who have not taken OCs (all Pcomparisons > .20).
conclusionsIn a nationwide analysis of patients in Sweden, long-term use of OCs, particularly the combination type, was associated with an increased risk of surgery among women with established CD. Clinicians carefully should evaluate and monitor contraceptive options among women with established CD.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.