Observational studyAIDS (London, England)2016
Human papillomavirus infection in the oral cavity of HIV patients is not reduced by initiating antiretroviral therapy.
Observational study in AIDS (London, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Detection and natural history of HPV infection of oral cavity and tonsils - a systematic literature review.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in oral gargle specimens among men living with HIV in Mexico, Brazil, and Puerto Rico: A cross-sectional study.The Journal of infection · 2026Trial
- Article
- HPV Infection of the Oropharyngeal, Genital and Anal Mucosa and Associated Dysplasia in People Living with HIV.Viruses · 2023Article
- Update on the Epidemiological Features and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Anti-Retroviral Protease Inhibitors Regulate Human Papillomavirus 16 Infection of Primary Oral and Cervical Epithelium.Cancers · 2020Article
- Interplay between oral immunity in HIV and the microbiome.Oral diseases · 2020Article
- Current trends and new developments in HIV research and periodontal diseases.Periodontology 2000 · 2020Review
- Unusual presentation of a disseminated oral HPV infection after combined antiretroviral therapy initiation.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2019Article
- Alterations in the oral microbiome in HIV-infected participants after antiretroviral therapy administration are influenced by immune status.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
- Case report: human papilloma virus type 120-related papillomatosis mimicking laryngeal carcinoma.Infection · 2017Article
- Prevalence and determinants of oral infection by Human Papillomavirus in HIV-infected and uninfected men who have sex with men.PloS one · 2017Article
- Modeling the Mechanisms by Which HIV-Associated Immunosuppression Influences HPV Persistence at the Oral Mucosa.PloS one · 2017Article
- Oral Human Papillomavirus in Youth From the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oral malignancies is increasing among HIV-infected populations, and the prevalence of oral warts has reportedly increased among HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We explored whether ART initiation among treatment-naive HIV-positive adults is followed by a change in oral HPV infection or the occurrence of oral warts.
designProspective, observational study.
methodsHIV-1 infected, ART-naive adults initiating ART in a clinical trial were enrolled. End points included detection of HPV DNA in throat-washes, changes in CD4 T-cell count and HIV RNA, and oral wart diagnosis.
resultsAmong 388 participants, 18% had at least one HPV genotype present before initiating ART, and 24% had at least one genotype present after 12-24 weeks of ART. Among those with undetectable oral HPV DNA before ART, median change in CD4 count from study entry to 4 weeks after ART initiation was larger for those with detectable HPV DNA during follow-up than those without (P = 0.003). Both prevalence and incidence of oral warts were low (3% of participants having oral warts at study entry; 2.5% acquiring oral warts during 48 weeks of follow-up).
conclusionThese results suggest: effective immune control of HPV in the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients is not reconstituted by 24 weeks of ART; whereas ART initiation was not followed by an increase in oral warts, we observed an increase in oral HPV DNA detection after 12-24 weeks. The prevalence of HPV-associated oral malignancies may continue to increase in the modern ART era.
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Registered trials
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