ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2016
The impact of quitting smoking on depressive symptoms: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Smoking cessation for improving mental health.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of behavioural activation on substance use and depression: a systematic review.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2018Pooled it
- Sex differences in the relationship between quit attempt and smoking cessation self-efficacy in adults with depressive symptoms.Addictive behaviors · 2025Trial
- Association between duration of smoking cessation and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults in China based on differences in living arrangements: a cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Implication of problematic substance use in poststroke depression: an hospital-based study.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Predicting vaping uptake, vaping frequency and ongoing vaping among daily smokers using longitudinal data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Surveys.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Article
- Sleep as a Target for Optimized Response to Smoking Cessation Treatment.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Review
- Depression and Smoking Cessation: Evidence from a Smoking Cessation Clinic with 1-Year Follow-Up.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2017Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo determine whether abstinence or relapse on a quit attempt in the previous year is associated with current depressive symptoms.
designProspective cohort with approximately annual waves. Mixed-effect logistic regressions tested whether time 2 (T2) quitting status was associated with reporting symptoms at T2, and whether time 1 (T1) symptoms moderated this relationship.
settingWaves 5-8 of the Four-Country International Tobacco Control Study: a quasi-experimental cohort study of smokers from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.
participantsA total of 6978 smokers who participated in telephone surveys. MEASUREMENTS: T1 and T2 depressive symptoms in the last 4 weeks were assessed with two screening items from the PRIME-MD questionnaire. Quitting status at T2: (1) no attempt since T1; (2) attempted and relapsed; and (3) attempted and abstinent at T2.
findingsCompared with no attempt, relapse was associated with reporting T2 symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33, 1.59]). Associations between T2 quitting status and T2 symptoms were moderated by T1 symptoms. Relapse was associated positively with T2 symptoms for those without T1 symptoms (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.45, 2.03) and those with T1 symptoms (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.70). Abstinence was associated positively for those without T1 symptoms (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.71) and negatively for those with T1 symptoms (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59, 0.94). Age moderated these associations significantly. Relapse did not predict T2 symptoms for those aged 18-39 irrespective of T1 symptoms. The negative effect of abstinence on T2 symptoms for those with T1 symptoms was significant only for those aged 18-39 (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.94) and 40-55 (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.84). The positive effect of abstinence on T2 symptoms for those without T1 symptoms was significant only for those aged more than 55 (OR =1.97, 95% CI = 1.35, 2.87).
conclusionsMost people who stop smoking appear to be at no greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking. However, people aged more than 55 who stop smoking may be at greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking.
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