ReviewCurrent opinion in HIV and AIDS2016
The protease inhibitors and HIV-associated bone loss.
Review in Current opinion in HIV and AIDS, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing bone mineral density in children and adolescents living with HIV and on treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a systematic review.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2023Pooled it
- Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of bone fragility in people living with HIV: a position statement from the Swiss Association against Osteoporosis.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2019Guideline
- Bone mineral density changes in breastfeeding women with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Eastern and Southern Africa.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Vitamin D and Calcium Supplement Attenuate Bone Loss among HIVInfected Patients Receiving Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine/ Efavirenz: An Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial.Current HIV research · 2020Trial
- Efavirenz is associated with higher bone mass in South African children with HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Trial
- Vitamin D Status in People Living with HIV: Assessment of 25(OH)D Levels and Associated Factors-A Cross-Sectional Study.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Antiretroviral-specific associations between bone hormonal changes and treatment induced weight gain.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Bone Quality Beyond DXA in People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review of HR-pQCT, TBS, Microindentation, and Vertebral Fractures.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Improving osteoporosis prevention and care for patients with HIV: insights from HIV care providers in China.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Narrative Review on the Management of Neck of Femur Fractures in People Living with HIV: Challenges, Complications, and Long-Term Outcomes.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Bone Mineral Density in Black South African Women Newly Diagnosed With Breast Cancer Living With and Without HIV.JCO global oncology · 2025Article
- Potential of Kefir-Derived Peptides, Probiotics, and Exopolysaccharides for Osteoporosis Management.Current osteoporosis reports · 2025Review
- Trabecular bone score assessed by dual-energy X ray absorption predicts vertebral fractures in HIV infected young adults.Bone reports · 2024Article
- Bone Disease in HIV: Need for Early Diagnosis and Prevention.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Red light-emitting diode therapy minimizes the functional deleterious effects of the antiretroviral ritonavir on osteoblasts in vitro.Lasers in medical science · 2024Article
- Prelamin A and ZMPSTE24 in premature and physiological aging.Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) · 2023Review
- Bone Quality in Relation to HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2022Review
- Immune Reconstitution Bone Loss Exacerbates Bone Degeneration Due to Natural Aging in a Mouse Model.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewHIV infection is an established risk factor for osteoporosis and bone fracture. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) increases bone resorption leading to an additional 2-6% bone mineral density (BMD) loss within the first 1-2 years of therapy. Although tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is often blamed for antiretroviral drug-associated bone loss, evidence abounds to suggest that other agents, including the protease inhibitors (PIs), have adverse bone effects. In the current review, we examine bone loss associated with protease inhibitor use, describing the relative magnitude of bone loss reported for individual protease inhibitors. We also review the potential mechanisms associated with protease inhibitor-induced bone loss. RECENT
findingsAs a class, protease inhibitors contribute to a greater degree of bone loss than other anchor drugs. HIV disease reversal and the associated immune reconstitution following cART initiation play an important role in protease inhibitor-mediated bone loss in addition to plausible direct effects of protease inhibitors on bone cells. SUMMARY: Protease inhibitors remain an important component of cART despite their adverse effects on bone. A better understanding of factors that drive HIV/cART-induced bone loss is needed to stem the rising rate of fracture in the HIV-infected population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.